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Bio 111 > Bio 111 Exam One > Flashcards

Bio 111 Exam One Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

-The science of classification
-Name all living organisms
-Classify organisms into group

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2
Q

Parts of the scientific name

A

-First name is genus (capital)
-Second name is species (lowercase)

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3
Q

Genus

A

-category directly above species
-human genus: Homo

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4
Q

Species

A

-made of individuals that can breed together
-human species: sapiens

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5
Q

Human scientific name

A

Homo sapiens

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6
Q

Three categories taxonomists study

A

-Monophyletic
-Paraphyletic
-Polyphyletic
-used to study similarities/differences between organisms

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7
Q

Monophyletic

A

-complete study
-consists of ancestor and all descendants
-ancestor always at bottom of tree
-also known as a clade

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8
Q

Paraphyletic

A

-Consists of ancestor and some (not all) descendants

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9
Q

Polyphyletic Group

A

-includes numerous descendants but not the ancestor

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10
Q

Eight Levels of Taxonomy

A

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

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11
Q

Domain

A

-broadest category
-most members
-currently three Domains of Life

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12
Q

Three Domains of Life

A

-Domain Bacteria
-Domain Archaea
-Domain Eukarya

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13
Q

Domain Archaea

A

-prokaryotic cells
-live in harsh environments
-maybe first living cells

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14
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

-prokaryotic cells
-includes all bacteria
-live with us in our environment

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15
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

-Eukaryotic Cells
-structurally diverse
-organized into four kingdoms:
-Protista
-Fungi
-Plantae
-Animalia

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16
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

-single celled eukaryotes
-live in bodies of water
-microscopic

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17
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A

-fungus
-molds
-closer to animals than plants

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18
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

all plants

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19
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

all animals

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20
Q

Integumentary System

A

-skin
-largest organ system
-covers body
-protects internal organs
-holds in moisture
-prevents dehydration
-fixes cuts and burns
-strong, holds shape
-helps homeostasis
-produces vitamin d when exposed to sun
-contains sensory receptors

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21
Q

Layers of the Skin

A

-Epidermis
-Dermis
-Hypodermis
-Fat layer

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22
Q

Epidermis

A

-outer covering
-contains dead cells and living cell layer

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23
Q

Dermis

A

-inner/middle layer
-contains collagen/elastin

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24
Q

Hypodermis

A

-inner/deepest layer
-subcutaneous layer

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25
Q

Fat layer

A

-insulation and cushioning

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26
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

-detects pressure
-detects texture
-detects temperature

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27
Q

Cells of Epidermis

A

-keratinocytes
-melanocytes

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28
Q

Keratinocytes

A

-produces keratin
-produces vitamin D

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29
Q

Melanocytes

A

-produces melanin
-used to protect skin from UV-B rays

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30
Q

Cells of Epidermis

A

-Langerhans cells
-Merkel cells

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31
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

-involved in defense
-phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses

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32
Q

Merkel cells

A

-sensory cells
-touch reception
-senses temperature and textures

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33
Q

Accessory Structures of Dermis

A

-hair follicles
-sebaceous glands
-sweat glands
-sensory receptors

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34
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

-Oil glands
-Keeps skin moist

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35
Q

Sweat glands

A

-secrete sweat to maintain body temperature
-sweat cools down body

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36
Q

Sensory receptors

A

-nerves
-sense environment

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37
Q

Animal Skeleton Function

A

-support shape
-protection of internal organs
-movement
-mineral storage (calcium)
-blood cell formation (bone marrow)

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38
Q

Types of Skeletons

A

-Hydrostatic Skeletons
-Exoskeletons (shells)
-Endoskeletons (internal bones)

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39
Q

Hydrostatic Skeletons

A

-consists of fluid held under pressure in closed body
-found in worms

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40
Q

Exoskeletons

A

-shells
-can be made of calcium carbonate or chitin
-found in mollusks and arthropods

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41
Q

Endoskeletons

A

-consists of hard supporting elements (bones)

42
Q

Bones in Mammalian Skeleton

A

-206 bones
-smallest bone: ear bones
-largest bone: thigh bone
-some bones fused
-some connected at joints

43
Q

Joint

A

location where bone meets bone

44
Q

Cartilage

A

gel like material between bones (joints)

45
Q

Ligaments

A

elastic fiber that connects bones at joints

46
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscles to bones

47
Q

Types of cells in bone

A

-Osteoblasts
-Osteoclasts

48
Q

Osteoblasts

A

-build bone
-deposit calcium to harden to bone
-converts cartilage into bone
-slow down with age

49
Q

Osteoclasts

A

-breakdown bone
-remain active through life

50
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

-muscles allow bone to move
-muscles and bone work together

51
Q

Three types of muscle

A

-Skeletal Muscle
-Smooth Muscle
-Cardiac Muscle

52
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

-muscle attached to the skeleton
-functions in movement of body
-voluntary

53
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

-line walls of stomach and intestines
-involuntary movement
-peristalsis muscle movement

54
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

-muscle in heart
-involuntary
-contains lines of intercalated disks

55
Q

Muscle Movement

A

-move by contracting and relaxing
-contracting; shorten
-relaxing; lengthen

56
Q

Content of Skeletal Muscle

A

-made of bundles of muscle cells (sarcomeres)

57
Q

Sarcomere

A

-basic unit of contraction in muscles
-contain actin and myosin contractile proteins
-made of thin filaments made of actin
-made of thick filaments composed of myosin
-shorten to contract movement
-requires calcium and ATP energy

58
Q

Gametes

A

-sperm
-egg
-haploid cells (n=23)
unite to create diploid cell (2n=46)

59
Q

Gametogenesis

A

formation of gametes

60
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

-Formation of sperm inside testes
-continuous throughout life
-hundreds of millions of sperm produced per day

61
Q

Spermatogonium

A

-undergo meiosis to form sperm
-produce 4 sperm

62
Q

Sperm Structure

A

-Head
-Midpiece
-Tail

63
Q

Sperm Head

A

-contains nucleus
-23 chromosomes, including X or Y
-Surrounded by acrosome

64
Q

Acrosome

A

contains digestive enzymes to digest outer surface of egg

65
Q

Sperm Midpiece

A

-contains mitochondria
-provides ATP energy for sperm movement

66
Q

Tail

A

-flagella
-allow movement

67
Q

Oogenesis

A

-formation of ovum
-unequal cell division
-produces one mature egg
-only one of four cells becomes egg
-females born with all eggs produced in lifetime

68
Q

Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis

A

-all four cells produce sperm, only one egg produced
-sperm produced throughout lifetime, oogenesis stops at menopause
-sperm production continuous

69
Q

Parts of Ovum

A

-Corona Radiata (protects egg)
-Zona Pellucida (jelly coat)
-Cell membrane
-Vitelline Membrane
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm

70
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

71
Q

Five Stages of Development

A

-Fertilization
-Cleavage
-Gastrulation
-Organogenesis
-Morphogenesis

72
Q

Fertilization

A

-union of egg and sperm
-forms diploid zygote

73
Q

Cleavage

A

-rapid cell division w/out growth
-formation of morula, followed by blastula

74
Q

Gastrulation

A

-rearranges cells of blastula into three tissue layered embryo (involution)
-embryo called the gastrula
-characterized by cell migration, not division
-gastrula made up of embryonic tissue layers: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

75
Q

Organogenesis

A

-formation of the organs from embryonic layers
-ectoderm is outer layer
-endoderm is digestive tract
-mesoderm between ectoderm and endoderm
-each layer forms specific organs

76
Q

Morphogenesis

A

formation of body

77
Q

Acrosomal Reaction

A

-triggered when sperm contacts egg
-acrosome releases enzymes to digest outer egg covering
-acrosomal process proteins bind to vitelline layer receptors
-allows for species specific fertilization

78
Q

Fusion

A

-fusion of plasma membrane of sperm and egg
-allows sperm nucleus to enter

79
Q

Cortical reaction

A

-Nucleus pops cortical granules to release Calcium (Ca^+2)
-creates fertilization envelope (hardened outer coating)

80
Q

Fertilization Envelope

A

-visible as halo around egg
-prevents polyspermy (multiple sperm entering egg)

81
Q

Steps of Fertilization

A

-Contact
-Acrosomal Reaction
-Growth of acrosomal process
-Fusion
-Sperm nucleus entry
-Cortical reaction

82
Q

Egg Activation

A

-rise in calcium increases rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis
-sperm nucleus and egg nucleus join
-cell division begins 12-36 hrs after fertilization

83
Q

Types of cleavage

A

-Interdeterminate cleavage
-Determinate cleavage

84
Q

Interdeterminate Cleavage

A

-each cell produced by cleavage can develop into complete embryo (ex. identical twins)

85
Q

Determinate Cleavage

A

each cell has its own developmental process determined

86
Q

Morula

A

-solid ball of cells formed during cleavage

87
Q

Blastula

A

-forms from morula during cleavage
-hollow ball of cells
-empty space within called blastocoel
-made of two parts: trophoblast and inner cell mass

88
Q

ectoderm

A

-outer layer of embryo
-forms epidermis of skin
-forms nervous systems
-forms brain
-forms mouth and teeth
-forms eyes

89
Q

mesoderm

A

-forms skeleton
-muscles
-kidneys
-reproductive system
-heart

90
Q

endoderm

A

-digestive tract
-liver
-pancreas
-lungs
-thyroid gland

91
Q

neurulation

A

-forms brain and spinal cord
-cells of ectoderm flatten to form neural plate
-neural plate folds and forms neural tube
-neural tube produces brain and spinal cord
-neural crest develops around neural tube
-neural crest becomes notochord
-notochord develops into vertebrae

92
Q

Implantation

A

-morula enters uterus
-occurs at blastula stage
-blastula imbeds in inner layer of uterus (endometrium)

93
Q

Blastula trophoblast

A

-outer layer
-imbeds into endometrium
-forms the placenta

94
Q

Blastula inner cell mass

A

becomes the embryo

95
Q

Extra-Embryonic Membranes

A

-Chorion: gas exchange
-Amnion: encloses amniotic fluid; insulates embryo
-Yolk sac: provides nutrients (until placenta in humans)
-Allantois: disposes waste

96
Q

Human Gestation

A

-divided into three trimesters
-each trimester lasts three months

97
Q

First Trimester

A

-main period of organogenesis
-develops organs

98
Q

apoptosis

A

cell death

99
Q

philtrum

A

-groove between nose and upper lip
-two sides of face develop independently from the back, meet in the middle of face

100
Q

second trimister

A

-fetus grows and is active
-parent may feel fetal movement
-uterus grows enough for pregnancy to show

101
Q

third trimester

A

-fetus grows
-fills space within uterus

Bio 111 (6 decks)

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