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Bio 111 > Bio 111 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio 111 Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nervous System

A

-transfers information about external environment
-all animals have some type of nervous system
-comprised of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
-simple animals have nerves only

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2
Q

Hydra Nervous System

A

nerve net

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3
Q

Seastar Nervous System

A

-radial nerve
-nerve ring

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4
Q

Insect Nervous System

A

-brain
-ventral nerve cord
-segmental ganglia

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5
Q

Ganglia

A

-segmentally arranged clusters of nerves in insects
-connected to brain

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6
Q

Chiton Nervous System

A

-ganglia
-anterior nerve ring
-longitudinal nerve cords

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7
Q

Squid Nervous System

A

-brain
-ganglia

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8
Q

Salamander Nervous System

A

-brain
-spinal cord
-sensory ganglia

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9
Q

Human Nervous System

A

-brain
-spinal cord
-nerves

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10
Q

Central Nervous System

A

-brain and spinal cord
-integration

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11
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-nerves
-connects central nervous system to rest of body
-carries out actions directed by brain/spinal cord

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12
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

-nerves that carry instructions from brain to skeletal muscles
-voluntary

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13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

-nerves that regulate internal environment
-control smooth and cardiac muscles
-involuntary

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14
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

-corresponds to arousal and energy generation
-fight or flight
-faster heartbeat
-liver converts glycogen to glucose
-secretion of adrenaline

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

-promotes calming and return to self
-rest and digest
-lowers heart rate
-increase glycogen production

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16
Q

Enteric Division

A

-network of neurons in digestive tract, pancreas, and gall bladder
-controls peristalsis
-controls secretion

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17
Q

Three Functions of Nervous System

A

-sensory input
-integration
-motor output

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18
Q

Sensory Input

A

-sense
-five senses

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19
Q

Integration

A

-process
-analyze
-make decisions
-brain/spinal cord

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20
Q

Motor Response

A

-response to stimulus
-communicate to effector like muscle

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21
Q

Neurons

A

-functional unit of nervous system
-bundled together to form nerves
-conduct messages

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22
Q

Schwann Cells

A

-supporting cells
-provide structure
-insulate
-protect neurons
-produce myeline (a protein)

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23
Q

Neuron Structure

A

-nucleus
-dendrites
-axon
-axon hillock

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24
Q

Dendrites

A

-highly branched extensions
-receive signals from other cells

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25
Q

Axon

A

-long extension
-transmits signals at synapses

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26
Q

Three Types of Neurons

A

-sensory neurons
-interneurons
-motor neurons

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27
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

-communicate to brain about external environment
-eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue
-long axon

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28
Q

Interneurons

A

-integrate information
-analyze sensory input
-remember and relate from the past
-highly branches axons and dendrites

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29
Q

Motor Neurons

A

-communicate response to muscle or effector cells
-long dendrites

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30
Q

Schwann Cells

A

-Glial Cells
-essential for structure of neurons
-form myelin sheaths around axons of neurons

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31
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

-layers which provide insultation of axon
-occurs in segments
-open area of segments called node of Ranvier

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32
Q

Information Flow Through Neurons

A

-dendrites receive information
-cell body processes information
-axon transmits signals to other cells at synapses

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33
Q

Synapses

A

-a junction between an axon and another neuron or effector
-leads to release of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)

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34
Q

Reflexes

A

-sensory information bypasses the brain
-spinal cord makes decision
-rapid response

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35
Q

Neurons

A

-send messaged electrochemically
-charged ions cause electrical signal

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36
Q

Important Ions of Nervous System

A

-Sodium (Na+)
-Potassium (K+)

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37
Q

Membrane Potential

A

-voltage across neuron membrane
-changes act as signals
-changes occur from -70mV to +40mV

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38
Q

Resting Potential

A

-membrane potential of neuron not sending signals
-equal to -70mV
-concentration of potassium highest inside cell
-concentration of sodium highest outside cell

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39
Q

Ion Pumps

A

-establish resting potential of neuron

40
Q

Ion Channels

A

-work through diffusion
-movement from high to low

41
Q

Action Potential

A

-occurs when neuron is fired or receives information
-changes membrane potential from -70mV to +40mV
-rising phase
-falling phase
-undershoot
-occurs at node of Ranvier

42
Q

Rising Phase

A

-depolarization
-sodium channels open and sodium flow into cell
-changes membrane potential from -70mV to +40mV

43
Q

Falling Phase

A

-repolarization
-sodium channels close
-potassium channels open and potassium flows out of the cell
-membrane potential returns to -70mV

44
Q

Undershoot

A

-resting potential is restored
-active transport brings sodium out of cell
-active transport beings potassium into cell

45
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

-stored in synaptic terminal at end of axon
-are recycled

46
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A

-Substance P
-endorphins
-serotonin
-dopamine
-melatonin
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-GABA
-Glutamate

47
Q

Hormones

A

-chemicals secreted into blood
-communicate messages through body
-only target cells with specific receptors for the hormone

48
Q

Metamorphosis

A

-complete change in body form
-regulated by hormones
-involves juvenile hormone
-cause different parts of insect body to develop at different times

49
Q

Functions of Hormones

A

-maintain homeostasis
-reproduction
-growth and development
-production of energy

50
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

-pineal gland
-hypothalamus
-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-parathyroid glands
-adrenal glands
-pancreas
-ovaries
-testes

51
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-in brain
-secretes ADH and oxytocin

52
Q

ADH

A

-produced in hypothalamus
-stored in posterior pituitary gland
-targets kidneys
-effects water balance

53
Q

Oxytocin

A

-produced in hypothalamus
-stored in posterior pituitary gland
-targets uterine muscles
-causes contraction during labor

54
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

-stores hormones secreted in hypothalamus

55
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

-produces six hormones
-ACTH
-FSH
-LH
-GH
-PRL
-TSH

56
Q

ACTH

A

-produced in anterior pituitary gland
-targets adrenal gland
-causes production of glucocorticoids
-causes production of stress hormones

57
Q

FSH

A

-Follicle stimulating hormone
-produced in anterior pituitary gland
-targets ovaries
-production of sex hormones
-start of menstruation

58
Q

LH

A

-luteinizing hormone
-produced in anterior pituitary gland
-targets testes
-production of sex hormones

59
Q

GH

A

-growth hormone
-produced in anterior pituitary gland
-targets bones
-causes growth

60
Q

PRL

A

-prolactin
-produced in anterior pituitary gland
-targets mammary glands
-causes mammary gland growth
-causes production of milk

61
Q

TSH

A

-thyroid stimulating hormone
-produced in anterior pituitary gland
-targets thyroid
-causes formation of thyroid hormones t3 and t4
-effects metabolism

62
Q

Pineal Gland

A

-located in brain
-produces MSH

63
Q

MSH

A

-melanocyte stimulating hormone
-produced by pineal gland
-regulates skin color
-controls pigment distribution in melanocytes

64
Q

Three Types of Hormones

A

-proteins
-amino acids
-sterioids

65
Q

Protein hormones

A

-not hydrophobic
-bind to receptors on surface of target cell
-can’t enter plasma membrane

66
Q

Amino Acid Hormones

A

-not hydrophobic
-bind to receptors on surface of target cell

67
Q

Steroid hormones

A

-hydrophobic
-enter the target cell
-bind to receptor in cell
-hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus and turns on genes to produce protein by gene expression

68
Q

Three Stages of Protein Hormone Action

A

-Reception
-Signal Transduction
-Response

69
Q

Reception (protein)

A

-hormone binds to a receptor on membrane of target cell

70
Q

Signal Transduction (protein)

A

-binding of hormone to receptor
-activation of enzymes in cell
-signal sent to secondary messenger (cAMP)
-cAMP directs action of hormone

71
Q

Response (protein)

A

-result of hormone direction

72
Q

Thyroid Regulation

A

-thyroid hormones regulate homeostasis
-iodine required for thyroid function
-Triodothyronin (T3) requires three iodine atoms
-Thyroxine (T4) required four iodine atoms
-lack of iodine causes more TSH production which causes enlarged thyroid

73
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

-control of blood calcium
-regulate homeostasis of calcium
-released by parathyroid glands
-increases level of calcium in blood

74
Q

Thyroid gland

A

-releases calcitonin

75
Q

Calcitonin

A

-released by thyroid gland
-decreases level of calcium in blood

76
Q

Glucose Homeostasis

A

-insulin and glucagon regulate breakdown of glycogen in glucose

77
Q

Insulin

A

-secreted in pancreas by beta cells
-lowers blood sugar
-causes storage of glucose and glycogen

78
Q

Glucagon

A

-secreted in pancreas by alpha cells
-increases blood sugar
-breaks glycogen down into glucose

79
Q

Adrenal Hormones

A

-caused by stress
-epinephrine/adrenaline produced by adrenal gland

80
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

-all offspring come from one parent
-creation of offspring without fusion of egg and sperm

81
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

-offspring are mix of two parents
-fusion of haploid egg and haploid sperm into diploid zygote

82
Q

Fission

A

-growth in width
-separation of parent into two offspring

83
Q

Budding

A

-new offspring arise from outgrowths of parent entity

84
Q

Fragmentation

A

-breaking of body into several pieces
-each piece grows into full adult

85
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

-development of offspring from unfertilized egg

86
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

-each individual has female and male reproductive system

87
Q

External Egg fertilization

A

-spawning
-eggs shed by female and fertilized by male in environment (frogs, salmon)

88
Q

Internal Egg Fertilization

A

-sperm is deposited in or near female reproductive system
-fertilization happens in female reproductive tract

89
Q

Male Reproductive Organs

A

-XY
-Y chromosome contains SRY gene
-SRY codes for male; testes production
-sperm is formed

90
Q

Female Reproductive Organs

A

-XX
-no SRy gene
-ovary production
-eggs formed

91
Q

Male gonads

A

-testes
-consist of seminiferous tubules
-sperm form in seminiferous tubules
-sperm stored in epididymis

92
Q

Semen

A

-sperm (testes)
-lubricating mucus (Bulbourethral Gland)
-sugar (seminal vesicle)
-buffers (prostate gland)

93
Q

Female Gonads

A

-ovaries
-contain many follicles
-each follicle contains an ovum
-females born with all eggs
-one egg released every month

94
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

-Follicular Phase
-Ovulation
-Luteal Phase

95
Q

Follicular Phase

A

-menstruation occurs
-due to breakdown of endometrium
-ovum matures in ovary

96
Q

Ovulation

A

-follicle ruptures to release ovum

97
Q

Luteal Phase

A

-corpus luteum forms from ruptured follicle
-endometrium thickens for possible pregnancy
-if corpus luteum degrades, endometrium will degrade

Bio 111 (6 decks)

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