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Bio 111 > Bio 111 Final > Flashcards

Bio 111 Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria

A

-prokaryotic cells
-lack nucleus
-unicellular
-microscopic
-dna strands free floating in center (look like nasty spaghetti)
-grown on nutrient agar plates

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2
Q

Cocci

A

-spherical bacteria
can grow in a diplococcus set
-can grow in a streptococcus chain
-can grow in a staphylococcus cluster

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3
Q

Bacilli

A

-rod shaped bacteria (oval-ish, like a pill)
-can grow in a bacili chain

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4
Q

Spirillum

A

-spiral shaped bacteria
-image example is short, loose spirals

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5
Q

Spirochaete

A

-corkscrew shaped bacteria
-image example is longer, tighter spirals

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6
Q

Vibrio

A

-‘comma’ shaped bacteria
-example image is brown

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7
Q

Gram Stain

A

-used to classify bacteria by cell wall composition
-Gram negative bacteria are stained red/pink
-Gram positive bacteria are stained purple

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8
Q

Antibacterial Test

A

-used to test effectiveness of antibacterial solutions
-most effective antibiotic has largest zone of inhibition
-zone of inhibition is area around disk where bacteria is killed
-image has disk covered in brown bacteria
-little blue disk represents disk soaked in antibacterial substance
-zone of inhibition is white circle around disk

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9
Q

Bacteria Size

A

-micrometer
-Average 1 mm

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10
Q

Parts of Prokaryotic Bacteria Cell

A

-Capsule
-Cell Wall
-Cell Membrane
-Chromosome
-Plasmid
-Ribosome
-Inclusions
-Flagella
-Pili

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11
Q

Capsule

A

-outer covering
-protects bacteria
-protects from immune system

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12
Q

Cell Wall

A

-made of peptidoglycan bilayer
-maintains cell shape
-protects cell
-unique to bacteria

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13
Q

Chromosome

A

-DNA
-Single
-Circular

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14
Q

Plasmid

A

-not part of chromosome
-small circular DNA

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15
Q

Ribosome

A

-protein synthesis
-appear as dots within cell

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16
Q

Inclusions

A

-storage granules
-store excess nutrients
-store phosphorus
-store ATP
- store metachromatic granules
-gas (CO2) vacuoles

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17
Q

Flagella

A

-allow movement
-complex motor and hook components
-made of proteins

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18
Q

Pili

A

-used to attach to surfaces

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19
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

-network of sugar chains
-linked to amino acids
-makes up bacteria cell wall

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20
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

-have thick cell wall
-large amounts of peptidoglycan
-stain purple

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21
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

-have thin cell wall
-less peptidoglycan
-toxic outer membrane
-stain red

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22
Q

Cell Membrane

A

-functions in energy production
-contains Electron Transport Chain
-phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-fluid interior of cell
-mostly water

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24
Q

Nucleoid

A

-centrally located DNA
-single circular chromosome
-DNA contains all genes

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25
Q

Gas Vacuoles

A

-CO2
-allows aquatic bacteria to float
-important for photosynthesis
-direct sunlight not filtered

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26
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

-bacteria that supply world with oxygen through photosynthesis

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27
Q

Bacteria Reproduction

A

-binary fission
-double in length
-DNA doubles
-Cell splits in half

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28
Q

Steps of Binary Fission

A

-DNA duplicates and attaches to membrane
-Membrane grows, DNA moves to opposite sides
-Cell divides at mid cell
-cells separate

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29
Q

Types of Symbiotic Relationships

A

-Mutualism
-Commensalism
-Parasitism

30
Q

Mutualism

A

-both organisms benefit
-example: gut bacteria

31
Q

Commensalism

A

-neither organism benefits or is harmed
-example: skin bacteria

32
Q

Parasitism

A

-one organism benefits, one is harmed
-example: tuberculosis bacteria in lungs

33
Q

Mutualistic Bacteria of Human Body

A

-intestines home to ~500-1000 species of bacteria
-many break down undigested food
-signal blood vessel formation to absorb nutrients from food
-keep bad bacteria out
-antibiotic kill good and bad bacteria

34
Q

Biotechnology

A

-use of bacteria to make products
-ex: swiss cheese, apple cider vinegar, yogurt, soy sauce, nail polish remover

35
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

-genetically engineered microorganisms
-used to produce human proteins
-ex: insulin

36
Q

Steps of Genetic Engineering

A

-cut plasmid with restriction enzymes
-insert foreign gene into plasmid
-creates recombinant plasmid with foreign gene
-bacteria with new gene grown/produced from host bacteria

37
Q

Restriction Enzyme

A

-molecular scissors
-cut DNA

38
Q

Genetically Modified Plants

A

-may increase quality/quantity of food

39
Q

Pest Resistant Plants

A

-plants engineered to kill insects
-engineered to make BT Toxin
-BT toxin fatal to insects, harmless to animals and plants

40
Q

BT Toxin

A

-produced by bacteria bacillus thuringiensis (found in soil)
-toxic to insects; dissolves their gut

41
Q

Bioremediation

A

-using microbes to clean up pollutants
-clean up oil spills
-bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage
-bacteria detoxify oil and mercury

42
Q

Types of Spirillium Bacteria (spiral)

A

-Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
-Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)
-typhoid fever (waterborne; vibrio)
-cholera (waterborne; vibrio)

43
Q

Types of Bacillus Bacteria (rod)

A

-H. Pylori (ulcers)
-E. coli
-tetanus

44
Q

Types of Cocci Bacteria (spherical)

A

-Streptococcus (strep throat)
-Staphylococcus (staph infection; MRSA)
-Chlamydia

45
Q

Viruses

A

-cause infections in animals, plants and bacteria
-must infect living cells
-not considered living
-take over host cell’s machinery to make new viruses
-poison
-measured in nanometers
-smaller than bacteria

46
Q

Bacteriophages

A

-phages
-viruses that infect bacteria

47
Q

Virus Structure

A

-genes
-DNA in bacteriophage
-DNA or RNA in animal viruses
-protein coat that surrounds DNA

48
Q

Three Basic Virus Shapes

A

-Helical
-Polyhedral
-complex

49
Q

Helical

A

-spiral
-tube-like
-long rods
-ex: ebola, tobacco mosaic virus

50
Q

Polyhedral

A

-dome like
-many sided
-one has 20 sides
-ex: common cold, chicken pox, flu, H1N1 (bird flu/swine/flu), SARS, Covid 19, HPV, Herpes, HIV, Rotovirus

51
Q

Complex

A

-varied shapes
-head contains DNA
-tails are proteins for attachment to host cell
-ex: small pox, rabies

52
Q

Bacteriophage Structure

A

-head; contains DNA
-tail; make of tail fibers and base plate, attached to host cell
-made of protein

53
Q

Animal Virus Structure

A

-genes; DNA or RNA
-Capsid
-Envelope
-Spikes

54
Q

Animal Virus Capsid

A

-protein coat
-make of capsomeres
-capsomeres are small subunits that are building blocks of capsid

55
Q

Animal Virus Envelope

A

-phospholipid bilayer
-only on some viruses
-derived from membrane of host cell

56
Q

Enteric Virus

A

-ingested
-causes gastroenteritis (inflammation of stomach and intestines)

57
Q

Respiratory Virus

A

-inhaled
-respiratory infections

58
Q

Sexually Transmitted Virus

A

-transmitted sexually
-lesions in genital tract

59
Q

Zoonoses

A

-transmitted from animal to human
-ex: mosquito

60
Q

Bacteriophage Replication

A

-Lytic Life Cycle
-Lysogenic/Latent Life Cycle

61
Q

Lytic Life Cycle

A

-bursts out of cell upon production of new virus within host cell

62
Q

Lysogenic Life Cycle

A

-aka latent life cycle
-phage genes inserted into host chromosome
-remains dormant for period of time
-replicates virus genome without destroying host cell
-viral DNA incorporated into host cell chromosome
-is permanent
-results in prophage/provirus

63
Q

Steps of Lytic Life Cycle

A

-Attachment
-Entry
-Synthesis
-Assembly
-Release

64
Q

Attachment

A

-Phage attaches to bacteria

65
Q

Entry

A

-phage releases lysozyme
-digests cell wall
-injects DNA into bacteria

66
Q

Synthesis

A

-gene expression
-replication of DNA
-production of head and tail

67
Q

Assembly

A

-phage parts put together
-forms new phage

68
Q

Release

A

-lyse/burst out of host cell

69
Q

Retrovirus

A

-use reverse transcription
-copy their RNA to DNA
-inserts into human chromosome
-becomes provirus
-permanent
-ex: HIV

70
Q

HIV

A

-retrovirus
-RNA virus
-causes AIDs
-destroys T cells
-renders immune system ineffective at clearing pathogens
-must bind to CD4 and CCR5 receptor proteins on membrane of T-cell in order to enter cell

71
Q

Viroids

A

-small infectious particles
-RNA only
-infect plants

72
Q

Prions

A

-small infectious particles
-Protein Only
-change shape of brain proteins
-causes Mad Cow Disease
-slow acting
-virtually indestructible
-converts normal proteins into prion version

Bio 111 (6 decks)

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