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clinical skills > Binocular balancing > Flashcards

Binocular balancing Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of binocular balancing?

A

to balance the accommodative effort between the two eyes

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2
Q

why do we bother with BB?

A

Accommodative effort is not always the same under monocular conditions as it is under binocular conditions.
when both eyes are working together, least accommodation is needed/used to maintain clear image.
this can cause accommodation to be unstable and can result to asthenopia.

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3
Q

when should you do BB?

A

after subjective monocular refraction.

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4
Q

How should you do BB? name 2 techniques

A

Humphriss Immediate contrast test
turville’s infinity balance test
several techniques

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5
Q

which patients should you BB?

A

all patients with binocular vision and good acuity in each eye

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6
Q

which 5 types of patients should you NOT do BB? and state why

A

px’s with?

  • squint: not binocular
  • amblyopia: not binocular
  • monocular: only has one functioning eye
  • va differences of 3 or more lines: not binocular
  • presbyopes ( 60 years or above): has non/minimal accommodation
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7
Q

what is the general concepts of the humphriss immediate contrast (HIC)?

A
  • uses a fogging lens between the powers +0.75 and +1.25D to fog one eye to 6/12
  • over fogging an eye e.g. with a +2.00D can cause the eye to become monocular
  • many clinicians use a +1.00D and leave it in situ after the +1.00D blur test as they already know how much it food the px by
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8
Q

What is the 4 reasons for fogging ? when using the humphriss immediate contrast (HIC) method

A
  • relaxes accommodation
  • central vision suppressed i.e fovea
  • peripheral vision maintained
  • very similar to normal binocular viewing conditions
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9
Q

what are the three methods of HIC?

A
  • comfort
  • clarity
  • duochrome
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10
Q

what is the HIC comfort method?

A

px views line of letters close to limit of acuity to their non fogging eye
LE FOGGED RE BCVA 6/5
px views 6/5 line
view target first through +0.25 lens for 1 sec then immediately by -0.25 lens for half sec then back to +0.25D again
repeat as necessary asking px, “are letter more comfortable with lens 1 or 2?”

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11
Q

why do we only hold the -0.25D lens for half a second in the HIC comfort method?

A

px will start to accommodate if the minus lens is left in place for too long.
px has to make a choice between the lenses, cannot have no lens.

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12
Q

what should be considered more comfortable in the HIC comfort method?
and what should be considered less comfort in the HIC comfort method?

A

A plus lens that relaxes accommodation (no change in clarity) or a minus lens that makes vision clearer should both be more comfortable

a plus lens that blurs vision or a minus lens that makes eyes accommodate (letters smaller and blacker) should be less comfortable

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13
Q

what if position 1 and 2 are the same?

A

remember to keep pushing for the plus

- add +0.25 and repeat procedure until reversal of lens preference is achieved

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14
Q

what is the HIC clarity method and how is it done?

A

done when a px does not understand the concept of comfortable vision, but with clarity you must emphasise that smaller and blacker does not mean clearer

  • first ask “is it definitely clearer, or smaller and blacker?”
  • if its just smaller and blacker, STOP
  • if definitely clearer, add the lens and repeat the procedure until reversal is obtained
  • if theres no difference between +0.25D and -0.25D lens, then add the +0.25D lens
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15
Q

what is the HIC duochrome method?

A

done when a px does not understand the concept of comfortable vision
an identical endpoint should be achieved in each eye i.e.
RE = red so LE must also be left on red

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16
Q

what 3 problems do you find with HIC?

A
  • eye fogged too little
  • eye fogged too much
  • fogging lens left in trial frame and optometrist incorporates it into final results
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17
Q

what 3 points is always important to remember in in HIC?

A
  • always push for the plus lens
  • only give minus if it is more comfortable and VA is better
  • do not need to repeat +1.00D blurr test after BB
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18
Q

what is the HIC clarity method and how is it done?

A

done when a px does not understand the concept of comfort, but with clarity you must emphasise that smaller and blacker does not mean clearer

  • first ask “is it definitely clearer, or smaller and blacker?”
  • if its just smaller and blacker, STOP
  • if definitely clearer, add the lens and repeat the procedure until reversal is obtained
  • if theres no difference between +0.25D and -0.25D lens, then add the +0.25D lens
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19
Q

how does TIB work?

A
  • septum placed on mirror to occlude vertical section in central field of each eye
  • remainder of the field still seen by both eyes hence binocularity maintained
  • can use duo chrome, letters, concentric circles on white background
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20
Q

How does TIB test with the duochrome work?

A
  • ask px to look at the circles on the right and ask if circles appear darkest against red or green background or about same
  • RED=GREEN stop and repeat other eye
  • RED IS BETTER - add minus to balance in -0.25D steps, if balance is not possible then leave at “red better”
  • GREEN IS BETTER - add plus to balance in +0.25D steps, if balance is not possible leave at, “red better”
  • repeat test on other eye but look at circles on the left side
- REMEMBER end point must be same for each eye, so should be either:
RE = red & LE = green 
or 
RE = red & LE = red 
or 
RE = green & LE = green
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21
Q

when will you use the duochrome method on a patient during BB?

A
  • px who responds well to duochrome

- px who has unequal VAs

22
Q

when will you not use the duo chrome? list 4 circumstances

A
  • px who always see either red/green better
  • when has not been possible to achieve same end point in each eye
  • media opacities - red bias
  • very small pupils
23
Q

explain the TIB procedure with, letters/concentric circles on white background

A
  • ask px to compare clarity of images on right hand side to left hand side of the chart
  • if one circle or letters is missing check the septum
  • if still missing or misaligned circles/letters, this could indicate significant heterophoria
    best to use 2 letters one seen by RE and other by LE.
    The letter ‘F’ & ‘L’ are usually used
  • if one of the circles/letters is clearer than the other, perform best vision sphere assessment of the eye with the least clearer vision
  • if circles/letters are still not equally clear, perform best vision sphere on the other eye
  • always start off with +0.25D
24
Q

what does a plus lens do in comfort method?

A

A plus lens that relaxes accommodation no change in clarity or a minus lens that makes vision clearer should both be more comfortable

a plus lens that blurs vision or a minus lens that makes eyes accommodate should be less comfortable

25
Q

what is the general concepts of the humphriss immediate contrast (HIC)?

A
  • uses a fogging lens between the powers +0.75 and +1.25D to fog one eye to 6/12
  • over fogging an eye e.g. with a +2.00D can cause the eye to become monocular
  • many clinicians use a +1.00D and leave it in situ after the +1.00D blur test as they already know how much it food the px by
26
Q

What is the 4 reasons for fogging ?

A
  • relaxes accommodation
  • central vision suppressed i.e fovea
  • peripheral vision maintained
  • very similar to normal binocular viewing conditions
27
Q

How do you do Binocular addition?

A
  • direct px to smallest line add +0.25 to both eyes and ask if ‘letters just as clear or better without’
  • if VA remain unchanged add +0.25 both eyes
  • keep adding +0.25D until reduction in acuity
  • no need to offer -0.25 unless binocular VA less than monocular and if you feel you have underminused
28
Q

What is the alternative to BB?

A

Binocular refraction

29
Q

what is Binocular refraction?

A

alternative to monocular subjective refraction, followed by BB
it is quick and easy to use
BUT
needs accurate retinoscopy results
rather than occluding fellow eye, fog fellow eye with +1.00DS and perform subjective routine

30
Q

what are the three methods of HIC?

A
  • comfort
  • clarity
  • duochrome
31
Q

what is the HIC comfort method?

A

px views line of letters close to limit of acuity to their non fogging eye LE FOGGED RE BCVA 6/5 view 6/5
view target first +0.25 for 1 sec then -0.25 for half sec then back to +0.25D

32
Q

why do we use the comfort method?

A

px will start to accommodate if the minus lens is left for too long. px has to make a choice cannot have no lens

33
Q

what does a plus lens do in comfort method?

A

A plus lens that relaxes accommodation no change in clarity or a minus lens that makes vision clearer should both be more comfortable

a plus lens that blurs vision or a minus lens that makes eyes accommodate should be less comfortable

34
Q

what if position 1 and 2 are the same?

A

remember to keep pushing for the plus

-add +0.25 and repeat procedure untill reversal of lens preference is achieved

35
Q

what is the HIC clarity method?

A

emphasise smaller and blacker does not mean clearer

you only show a +0.25 lens never a -0.25 lens

36
Q

what is the HIC duochrome method?

A

identical endpoint should be achieved in both eyes

RE = red so left must also be left on red

37
Q

what problems do you find with HIC?

A
  • eye fogged too little
  • eye fogged too much
  • fogging lens left in trial frame and optometrist incorporates it into final results
38
Q

what is important in HIC?

A

always push for the plus lens
only give minus if it is more comfortable and VA is better
do not need to repeat +1.00D blurr test after BB

39
Q

what is the other method of BB?

A

Turville’s infinity balance test (TIB)

40
Q

how does TIB work?

A

septum placed on mirror to occlude vertical section in central field of each eye
remainder of the field still seen by both eyes hence binocularly maintained
can use duochrome letters concentric circles on white background

41
Q

How does TIB duochrome work?

A

– ask px to look at the circles on the right and ask if circles appear darkest against red or green background or about same
–RED=GREEN stop and repeat other eye
-RED IS BETTER - add minus to balance in -0.25D steps if balance not better leave at red
–GREEN IS BETTER - add plus to balance if not possible leave at red better
repeat test but look at circles on the left side

42
Q

when will you use the duo chrome method?

A

px who responds well to duochrome

px who has unequal VAs

43
Q

when will you not use the duochrome?

A

px who always see red/green better
when has not been possible to achieve same end point in each eye
media opacities- red bias
very small pupils

44
Q

explain the letters/concentric circles on white background

A

-ask px to compare clarity of images on right hand side to left hand side of the chart
-if one circle or letters is missing check the septum
if still missing or misaligned of circles letters could indicate heterophoria
best to use 2 letters one seen by RE and other by LE.

45
Q

would you do BB on gordon brown or david beckham?

A

gordon brown no as has monocular vision and has retinal detachment
David beckham yes as he’s a sportsman and good vision in both eyes

46
Q

what comes after BB?

A

Binocular addition

47
Q

why do we do binocular addition?

A

to check that accommodation has completely been relaxed

48
Q

How do you do Binocular addition?

A

Direct px to smalles line add +0.25 to both eyes and ask ‘ letters just as clear or better without’
-if VA remain unchanged add +0.25 both eyes keep adding until reduce in vision
no need to offer -0.25 unless binocular VA less than monocular and if you feel you have underminused

49
Q

What is the alternative to BB?

A

Binocular addition

50
Q

what is Binocular refraction?

A

alternative to monocular subjective refraction, followed by BB quick and easy to use BUT
needs accurate retinoscopy results rather than occlude fellow eye fog fellow eye with +1.00DS and perform subjective routine

51
Q

list 6 indications for binocular refraction (i.e. which type of px to do it on)

A
  • anisometropia
  • latent hyperopia
  • pseudomyopia
  • unequal visual acuities due to pathology/amblyopia
  • significant horizontal or vertical phorias
  • latent nystagmus

clinical skills (13 decks)

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