Behaviourism Flashcards
what is behaviour the result of?
A stimulus. All behaviour no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus.
RECAP: what is classical conditioning?
learning through association. e.g.
UCS-UCR
NS-NR
NS+UCS-UCR
CS-CR
who did research on classical conditioning?
PAVLOV with his dogs.
what did Pavlov find from his study?
Revealed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a BELL if that sound was repeatedly presented at the SAME time as they were given FOOD.
what was the method of Pavlovs study?
Before conditioning:
UCS= food, UCR=salvation
NS=bell, NR=no salvation
During conditioning:
NS+UCS (bell and food) = UCR of salvation
After conditioning:
CR=bell CR=salvation.
RECAP: what is operant conditioning?
learning through CONSEQUENCES.
who did a study on operant conditioning in approaches?
Skinner on rats.
What did Skinner conclude from his operant conditioning study on rats?
suggested that learning is an ACTIVE PROCESS where humans and animals operate to their ENVIRO.
what are the 3 consequences of behaviour?
1) positive reinforcement= receiving a REWARD when a behaviour is performed. Likely to be REPEATED.
2) negative reinforcement= when an animal/human AVOIDS something unpleasant, Therefore the behaviour REDUCING this unpleasant behaviour is likely to be repeated
3) Punishment= an unpleasant CONSEQUENCE of behaviour. Therefore this behaviour leading to punishment is LESS likely to be repeated.
what was Skinners method for operant conditioning on his rats?
-Rats in special cases known as SKINNERS BOXES
-Every time the rat pressed the LEVER, food pellet was RELEASED.
-After many repetitions, the rat CONTINUES the behaviour ( positive reinforcement)
-Skinner also showed how rats could be conditioned to AVOID a behaviour. He did this through electric shocks (neg reinforcement)
