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Behaviour Modifying Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

How may personality predisposition and life events lead to ultimate behaviour?

A

Combination of personality (genetic traits, developmental experiences) and life events interpretted in light of innate personality ->
“normal” well adapted with good emotional homeostasis
“abnormal” poorly adapted poor emotional homeostasis

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2
Q

Egs. of life events

A
  • situation of emotional conflict or frustration
  • experiences of threat or fear
  • conditioned contextual associations with anxiety
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3
Q

How do arousal and emotional response interact to give rise to a behavioural outcome?

A

Additive to push arousal over a threshold where behavoiur ocours
- hence why behaviour may be elicited in some situations and not others (d/t initial underlying arousal state)

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4
Q

What are the 2 potential appliactions for drugs?

A
  • anxiety reduction to v baseline levels of arousal

- fear reduction, impulse inhibition or memory suppression to avoid negative life events

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5
Q

When is drug therapy indicated?

A
  • specidic drug indication eg. separation anxeity (LIC clomipramine)
  • if emotion so intense that it is interfering with therapy (intense anxiety, fear or phobia, risk to people or property)
  • animals sufering or distress could be alleviated
  • prognosis improved or improvement speeded up
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6
Q

What are the 3 phases of drug therapy?

A
  • initiation
  • maintainance
  • withdrawal
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7
Q

What can occour during the initiaion phase?

A
  • adverse effects (may predispose/increase aggression)
  • changes in emotionality (may make behaviour unpredictable, increase confidence or disinhibition)
  • delay in onset of main effects can take 4-8 weeks
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8
Q

When is treated maintained until?

A
  • end of period drug is licensed for
  • period of normal behaviour
  • indication that emotional component is less significant and behavioural modification alone will be successful
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9
Q

How should withdrawal be carried out?

A
  • no information on data sheeets but unpleasant side effects welld ocumented in man
  • discontinuationi syndrome with TCA/SRI/SSRI with short t1/2 eg. clomipramine (+ selegeline?)
  • potential for recidivism if drug withdrawn suddenly
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10
Q

General time span for medication

A
  • 6-8months
  • until 6-8 weeks with no signs
  • then decrease by 25% per week
  • for 1 week per month of treatment
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11
Q

Hazards of using medication

A
  • adverse effects
  • therapeutic failure (~60-70% effective tx)
  • disinhibition (benzos, TCA. SRI, SSRIs, acepromazine)
  • excessive confidence and assertiveness (selegeline)
  • owner ocerdependence, poor concurrent behavioural modification
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12
Q

What is selegeline lic for?

A

emotional disorders in dogs

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13
Q

3 classes of drugs?

A

> serotonergic
dopaminergic
GABA ergic

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14
Q

How to SRIs work?

A

> immediate effect
- prevent re-uptake of serotonin at the synapse
- ^ [serotonin] -> moe occupied receptors
- ^ serotonin may ^ anxiety
delayed effect (desired changes in animal behaviour)
- receptor downregulation
- maintainance of ^ [serotonin] with drug withdrawal

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15
Q

What causes most side effects of serotonergic (TCAs/SRIs/SSRIs) drugs

A

mixed antagonism also of other receptors

  • Histamine H1 (weight gain, sedation)
  • Acetyl choline M1 (constipation,d ry mouth, urinary retention)
  • a adrenoceptor (hypotension and sedation)
  • Noradrenaline reuptake inhibition
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16
Q

Eg of TCAs

A

Amitriptyline

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17
Q

Eg of SRIs

A

Clomipramine

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18
Q

Egs of SSRIs

A

Fluoxetine

Sertraline

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19
Q

Eg of SARIs? How should this be given??

A

Trazodone

- in combo with SSRIs

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20
Q

Eg of MAOb inhibitor

A

Selegeline

21
Q

Eg of GABA-ergic drugs

A

Benodiazepines

22
Q

Which drugs are serotonergic?

A

TCAs
SRIs
SSRIs
SARIs

23
Q

Which drugs are dopaminergic

A

MAOb inhibitors

24
Q

How selective is Amytriptaline for serotonin? What is it indicated for use in?

A

SRI:NRI 1:4 (more selective for noradrenaline, ^ no. side effects)

  • anxiety and pain
  • especially good for feline idiopathic cystitis
25
Q

How selective is clomipramine for serotonin? What is it indicated for use in?

A

SRI:NRI 5:1 (quite serotonin selective, can ^ dose without side effects)
- anxiety and compulsion

26
Q

How selective is fluoxetine for serotonin? What is it indicated for use in?

A

SRI:NRI 15:1 (very seletive!!!)

- anxiety, compulsion, impulsion, aggression

27
Q

Egs of when serotonergic drugs are indicated for use

A
  • compulsive circling (dogs) or kneading (cats d/t poor weaning)
  • feline hyperaesthesia [clomipramine]
  • impulse control (when mid-level behaviours are inhibited) [fluoxetine “prozac”]
  • separation anxeity
28
Q

How selective is sertraline for serotonin? What is it indicated for use in?

A

SRI:NRI 150:1 (VERY selective! But v range of useful situations for indication)

29
Q

Specific uses of amitriptaline

A
  • feline interstitial cystitis
30
Q

Specific uses of clomipramine

A
  • generalised anxiety
  • separation anxeity
  • compulsive disorders
  • indoor spray marking (cats)
  • felin hyperaesthesia syndrome
31
Q

Specific uses of fluoxetine

A
  • generalised anxiety
  • separation anxeity
  • compulsive disorders
  • indoor spray marking (cats)
  • felin hyperaesthesia syndrome
  • impulsive aggression (eg. owner directed)
  • frustration related aggression (cats)
32
Q

Specific uses of sertraline

A
  • generalise anxiety

- noise phobias

33
Q

Common adverse effects of serotonergic drugs in man and in general

A 
>man 
- headache 
- abdo pain
- muscular rigidity 
> general
- delirium
- hyperthermia
- insomnia
- v seizure threshold
- constipation 
- photophobia
34
Q

Drug specific adverse effects of amitryptaline?

A
  • irritability, agitation, tachydysrhythmia
35
Q

Drug specific adverse effects of TCAs

A
  • corneal drying

- TCAs that are strongly noradrenergic can -> explosive emotional reactions in man

36
Q

What potential drug interactions can happen with serotonergic drugs?

A
  • Amitraz (not used much UK)
  • Opioids (resp depression)
  • MAOIs (selegeline)
  • phenothiazines
37
Q

Specific medical cautions of serotonergic drugs?

A
  • CV Dz (arrythmias)
  • DIabetes (TCA/SRI drugs hyperglyceamic)
  • thyroid dz alters metabolism of TCAs
  • epilepsy
  • narrow angle glaucoma
38
Q

What is a SARI? Give specific eg.

A

serotonin receptor agonist and reuptake inhibitor
> Trazodone (Trazonil, Desyrel)
- published trial as adjunct tx including dogs with noise phobias
- NOT LIC
- use adjunct if dogs have not responded well to others
- risk of serotonin syndrome

39
Q

What should selegeline (MAOI) not be combined with?

A

SRIs

40
Q

How does selegeline work?

A
  • selective MAO1b inhibitor
  • has very low levle of MAO1a inhibition
  • can be given WITHOUT DIETARY REQUIREMEMTS needed for MAO1a drugs
  • other MAOIs cannot be substituted for selegeline
41
Q

Main effects of selegeline?

A
  • MILD v anxiety
  • ^ conditionability even in normal animals
  • ^ exploratory and risk taking behaviour
  • v FEAR
  • CARE! NEEDS CONCURRENT BEHAVIOURAL MOD OR CAN BE DANGEROUS
42
Q

What are dopaminergic drugs choice for?

A

CCD and fear and phobias

43
Q

Adverse effects of dopaminergic drugs

A
  • agitation
  • GI signs
  • Drowsiness
  • man headache,d rowsiness, abdo pain , hallucinations
44
Q

Drug interactions of MAOIs

A
  • TCA/SRI/SSRI
  • Phenothiazines
  • potentiates benzos (may be useful??)
  • pethidine
45
Q

How do benzos work?

A
  • ^ Cl concentration in post synaptic membrane via GABA-A ligand gated ion channel
  • stabilises membrane and v firing
  • rapid onset
  • affect memory
46
Q

Main effects of benzos

A
  • amnesia (anterograde and retrograde)
  • anxiety reduction
  • reduced panic
  • ^ exploratory and risk taking behaviour
47
Q

Adverse effects of benzos

A
  • agitation (inc hyperexcitability esp greyhounds)
  • ataxia
  • sedation
  • amnesia
  • recidivism
  • tolerance
  • disinhibition of aggression
48
Q

Are benzos indicated for long term use?

A

NO!!

- cannot do behaviour mod at same time as wont learn anything

Neuro (30 decks)

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