behaviour modification

Question 1

why is feedback important ?

Answer 1

1. It is necessary if learning is to occur.
2. It influences the performance of well-learned skills (by acting as an incentive).
3. It affects psychological variables such as motivation, self-confidence, stress, and state anxiety.

Question 2

two ways feedback influences behaviour

Answer 2

Information function - feedback informs person what should and should not be done.
motivation function - feedback increases effort and intensity thru incentives and rewards for goal accomplishment.

Question 3

two types of feedback

Answer 3

reinforcement and punishment

Question 4

reinforcement

Answer 4

any reward, praise or event that increases the frequency or strength of a behaviour.

Question 5

two types of reinforcement

Answer 5

positive or negative

Question 6

pos reinforcement

Answer 6

contingent use of rewards/ reinforcers to increase the frequency of a particular behaviour (eg., increasing praise when a skill/drill is done correctly).

Question 7

neg reinforcement

Answer 7

contingent withdrawl of a negative stimulus to increase the frequency of a particular behaviour (eg., withdrawing criticism when drill/skill is done correctly).

Question 8

punishment

Answer 8

Application of a negative stimulus (eg. pain, criticism), or the removal of something positive (eg. opportunity to play, praise), in order to decrease the frequency of a particular behaviour. weakening a particular behaviour. give example.

Question 9

does punishment always eliminate behaviour?

Answer 9

Punishment does not necessarily eliminate or extinguish a behaviour; it may only temporarily reduce the rate of the behaviour.

Question 10

situation specific assumption of behaviour modification

Answer 10

If a behaviour is followed by a reinforcer, it is more likely to occur again under similar conditions

Question 11

what is behaviour modification in sport

Answer 11

attempts to structure the environment through the systematic use of reinforcement, especially during practice. In general, behavioral techniques are used in sport and physical activity settings to help individuals stay task oriented and motivated
throughout a training period

Question 12

Rushall & Pettinger (1969) motivation swimming example.

Answer 12

everyone was motivated by different things the older people coaches attention other chocolate and money.

Question 13

3 guidelines for use of reinforcement

Answer 13

selecting the behaviour to be increased (specific, measurable and observable).
selecting reinforces that are readily avaible, dont take time, can be used over and over without lossing meaning and the the athletes need to know what the reinforcement is actually for (so doing it imediatly after the good or bad thing)

Question 14

why can you not repeat the same reinforcer twice.

Answer 14

The participant may not react the same way twice or it may not be the same standard that they need. as for example a bballer who specialty is passing, if they got 30 pts one game this may not be realistic for them every game but if they get heaps of hype they may try to but in turn they will let the team down.

Question 15

when shall we use shaping

Answer 15

when someone is learning a complex skill we should use this by giving hepas of encouragment.

Question 16

how to make punishment effective

Answer 16

be consistent, punish behaviour not person, allow athletes to make punishments for themselves too anf do not make punishments while playing.