Behavioral Therapies

Question 1

What is classical condition?

Answer 1

Learning is the association of things that take place together in time

Question 2

When does Classical Conditioning take place?

Answer 2

Repeated pairing of a neutral event (UCS) with one that evokes a response (UCR) such that the neutral stimulus eventually causes the same response

IE the Conditioned Stimulus and the Conditioned Response

Question 3

What is the well known example of Classical Conditioning?

Answer 3

Pavlov’s Dogs

UCS-meat

UCR-salivation

CS-bell ringing

CR-salivation

Question 4

What is extinction?

Answer 4

Losing the CS

Example: Exposing Pavlov’s Dogs to food without the bell. Must be repeated many times without ringing the bell at all

Question 5

What is generalization?

Give an example?

Answer 5

When other similar stimuli/situations become the CS for the CR

A kid who fears white rats now fears white rabbits and then white coats (doctors) and then white beards (santa)

Question 6

Based on Classical Conditioning, what does behavioral therapy look like?

Answer 6

Feared Stimulus+Relaxation in order to decrease anxiety

Could include meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, hypnosis

Question 7

What is the process of classical conditioning to treat phobias?

Answer 7

Relaxation activity (UCS) to cause Relaxation (UCR)

Then add object of phobia (CS) + Relaxation activity (UCS) to cause Relaxation (UCR)

Eventually, the CS (phobia) will lead to Relaxation (CR)

Question 8

What is Systemic Desensitization?

Answer 8

Make a list of fears

Chose the lowest/lower level feared object

Begin relaxation techniques with the feared object until there is much less fear

Move through list towards higher feared objects/situations

Question 9

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 9

Learning is the association of things that take place Sequentially

Question 10

When does Operant Conditioning occur?

Answer 10

Responses that have a pleasant effect are likely to increase

Responses that have an unpleasant effect are likely to decrease

Question 11

Define the following:

Reinforcement

Punishment

Positive

Negative

Answer 11

R: results in increased behavior

P: results in decreased behavior

Pos: something is added

Neg: something is taken away

Question 12

Describe Positive Reinforcement?

Answer 12

Application of a good consequence when behaviour is preformed

Behavior increases

(clapping, praising, giving a treat, etc)

Question 13

What is positive Punishment?

Answer 13

application of an aversive consequence when behavior is performed (not nec. painful)

Decreases behavior

(making child do chores, spanking)

Question 14

What is Negative Punishment?

Answer 14

removal of good consequence when behaviour is performed

Behavior decreases

(taking away privileges, grounding, etc.)

Question 15

What is Negative Reinforcement?

Answer 15

removal of aversive stimuli when behavior is performed

Behavior increases

Question 16

When must reinforcements and punishments occur?

Answer 16

AFTER behavior

this is a fundamental distinction from classical conditioning, in which the two stimuli occur together

Question 17

Why is punishment often not effective?

Answer 17

may suppress but not eliminate behavior

may lead to negative emotional and physical outcomes

Question 18

Why is spanking not recommended?

Answer 18

A child is more likely to become a depressed adult, use ETOH, have more anger, hit their children/spouses or engage in crime

Children are unlikely to see the difference between getting spanked and hitting others when they don’t get what they want

Question 19

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

Answer 19

Child stops whining when candy is bought, thus parent learns to buy candy

(because candy makes the whining stop)