Behavioral Science Flashcards
Let's play name that month! When should a child..... 1. Sit up with support 2. Walk alone 3. Learns how to crawl 4. Determine which hand is dominant (show preference) 5. Walk up stairs
- 4 months
- 13 months
- 9 months
- 18 months
- 18 months
When is conformity most likely to be at its peak?
11-12 years of age
What are the 5 stages of adjustment/grief?
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
What are the 3 stages that children will go through when separated from a loved one- primary caregiver?
- Protest: 1st 2 weeks, crying, anger toward person when they return
- Despair: Protesting stops and sadness kicks in; withdrawn
- Detachment: Child will engage with others, will be angry toward caregiver, indifference upon caregivers return
Define a positive reinforcement
Adds a desirable stimulus and strengthens the probability that the response occurs again
Define a negative reinforcement
Removing something that will inevitably bring joy to the person and cause the response to occur again
Define a positive punishment
Adding something that will not cause the response to occur
Define a negative punishment
Taking something away that will not cause the response to occur
________ reinforcement; every response is followed by a reinforcement; fast learning and fast extinction
Continuous
_______ reinforcement; not every response is reinforced, learning is slower
intermittent
Describe a fixed interval schedule
At first, the responses are slow, but as the reinforcement gets closer, the responses start to happen at a faster rate
A _______ _________ schedule is one where the reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time periods
Variable interval
What is a fixed ratio schedule? How does it compare to a variable ratio schedule?
A fixed ratio schedule is when the reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses
A variable schedule you are not able to predict when the reinforcement is coming
Which ratio schedule has the HIGHEST RESISTANCE to extinction?
Variable ratio schedule
In a case regarding child abuse, what are some factors that need to be evaluated?
Degree of neglect, sexual exploitation, tissue damage, and mental cruelty
______ is a disorder where individuals use sexual fantasies or behaviors involving the acts of being humiliated, dominated, or made to suffer, in order to achieve climax
_______ is the disorder of the same but doing it to OTHERS
Masochism is self
Sadism is to others
A patient is new to therapy. When explaining her sessions to her husband, she states that the therapist makes her re-live traumatic experience while practicing meditation and relaxation practices. What behavioral modification is this an example of?
Systemic desensitization- imagining oneself in a fearful situation while using relaxation strategies to compete with the anxiety
_______ is the massive exposure of anxiety producing situations. If it is purely imagined it is called ________
Flooding is the massive exposure
Implosion is the imagined massive exposure
Define and give an example of shaping.
Shaping is reinforcing desired responses but making it a little bit harder or requiring more responses each time.
A boy with autism is rewarded when he says one word. Then eventually he is only rewarded when he says two words… etc
_______ is gradually removing the reinforcement without the patient becoming aware of the difference. Give an example of this
Fading
Patients receive pain meds after surgery, each dose is smaller and smaller
Nicotine patches get smaller and smaller in the amount of nicotine
What is the main defense mechanism that is seen in paranoid personality disorder?
Projection
What is the main mechanism that is seen in borderline personality disorder?
Splitting: seeing thing as either good or bad; both extreme
A college student is doing a presentation in front of her class. At the end of the presentation, somebody asks a question. When she tries to go answer the question, she is not able to remember one of the key facts of her presentation. What is this an example of?
Blocking: temporary, transient, block in thinking or an inability to remember
Happens in embarrassing moments
Define displacement as a defense mechanism and provide an example.
The target of an emotion or drive changes to a substitute target
Basically taking something out on someone else
________ ________ is when an unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite.
Reaction formation
A kid that is into watching porn creates an “anti-porn” campaign
________ is when impulse gratification is achieved by channeling the unacceptable impulse into a a socially acceptable direction
Sublimation
What is the only conscious defense mechanism?
Suppression
Repression is unconscious
What is the CAGE questionnaire that is used in alcoholism?
Have you ever tried to CUT down on alcohol intake?
Have you ever been ANNOYED about criticism regarding your drinking?
Have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking?
Have you ever had to take a drink in the morning as an EYE OPENER?
Which state of sleep is being described here?
Slowing of the EEG rhythm
Higher muscle tone
Absence of eye movements
Absence of thought like mental activity
NREM
Describe REM sleep in a sentence
Awake brain in a paralyzed body
What waves are seen in stage 1 of sleep?
Theta
What waves are seen in stage 2 of sleep? (the longest stage)
Sleep spindles and K complexes
What waves are seen in stage 3 of sleep?
Delta waves
_______ helps to initiate sleep
_______ is higher during REM sleep
_______ is lower during REM sleep
Serotonin initiates sleep
ACh is higher in REM and NE is lower
In what sleep stage do Sleep walking and night terrors occur in?
What is the main treatment for this?
Stage 3
Benzodiazepines
In what sleep stage does teeth grinding occur in?
Stage 2
Describe the difference between schizophreniform disorder, schizophrenia, and Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophreniform will not last longer than 6 months and usually doesn’t have a high change in the level of function
Schizophrenia lasts for longer than 6 months and has a change in the level of function
Schizoaffective disorder is a combination of schizophrenia and a mood disorder
Describe the neurotransmitter changes in schizophrenia in terms of (increase/decrease) Dopamine Serotonin Glutamate Nicotine GABA
Dopamine is increased
Serotonin is increased
Glutamate varies
Nicotine is decreased
GABA is decreased
What are the disorders that are found under Cluster A: the odd, eccentric types?
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypical
What is the following disorder?
A patient comes in and is very upset about the status of their relationship. They say that their partner is not trustworthy and is over-analyzing everything that their partner has ever said. The patient constantly brings up previous fights that they have had and seems to be holding a grudge. What personality disorder do you suspect?
Paranoid personality disorder:
General mistrust
Reads hidden meaning into comments and events
Carries grudges
What is the following disorder?
Person who likes to be by themselves
Seems isolated and withdrawn
Does not express emotion that much
Schizoid disorder
Describe schizotypical
Very odd, magical thinking,
Professor Trelawney
What are the disorders that are seen in Cluster B of the personality disorders?
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Borderline
Antisocial
What personality disorder is being described?
-Unstable affect, behavior, and self image
- In a constant state of crisis
- Self detrimental activities
- Intense interpersonal relationships
- Do not like being alone
- splitting and passive aggressive defense mechanisms
Borderline personality disorder
What are the disorders that are seen in Cluster C?
Avoidant
OCD
Dependent
What personality disorder is being described?
Shy with high anxiety
Intense longing for acceptance
Tends to keep the same job, same living situation, etc
Avoidant
What does a blockade of the nigrostriatal pathway lead to?
Tremors, muscle rigidity, and bradykinesia
What does a blockage of the mesolimbic cortico pathway lead to?
A reduction of psychotic sx
What does a blockade of the tuberoinfundibular system lead to?
Increased prolactin
