Bates-Cardio Flashcards
What is PMI?
Point of maximal impulse
Where is the PMI normally located?
5th intercostal space, 7-9cm lateral to midsternal line. (at or just left of mid-clavicular line.
A PMI greater than ____ is indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy.
2.5cm
Displacement of the PMI lateral to the mid-clavicular line or >10cm lateral to midsternal line suggests what?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
In patients with right ventricular hypertrophy, where is the PMI more likely felt?
Near the xiphoid or epigastric area.
Trace the flow of blood through the body from the Right atrium through to the vena cavae
right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral/ bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body, inf/sup vena cava, right atrium
During systole, the aortic valve is ____ and the mitral valve is ___
aortic = open
The first heart sound, S1, represents what action?
At the beginning of ventricular systole, the mitral valve snaps shut.
Normally, maximal left ventricular pressure corresponds to ___
Systolic blood pressure
The second heart sound, S2, occurs when ____
The aortic pressure exceeds that of the left ventricle and forces the aortic valve closed
In children and young adults, S3 may arise from ____ and is termed a _____.
- rapid deceleration of the column of blood against the ventricular wall
S3 can be normal in ____ but is usually pathologic in ____.
- normal in children or adolescents
S4 can sometimes be heard, indicating what event?
Atrial contraction
Where does an S4 sound occur?
immediately precedes S1 of the next beat and reflects a pathologic change in ventricular compliance
Where would a systolic murmur be heard? >
Between S1 and S2
Where is a Diastolic murmur heard?
Between S2 and S1.
A “split” S2 suggests what?
may be normal asynchronous closure of Aortic and pulmonary valves with inspiration, Splitting during exhalation could suggest stenosis, cardiomyopathy, or LBBB. If doesn’t change between inspiration or expiration, considered a “fixed split” that suggests septal defect.
Electrical vectors approaching a lead result in what type of deflection?
positive/ upward
Electrical vectors moving away from the lead cause what type of deflection?
negative/ downward
An isoelectric line suggests what
negative and positive deflections cancel each other out creating a flat line.
What does the p wave show?
Atrial depolarization
What is occurring during the QRS complex?
ventricular depolarization
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarization / recovery
What is preload?
load that stretches the cardiac muscle before contraction (volume in the ventricle at the end of diastole.