BASICS OF RADIO HIGH YIELD Flashcards
how do x-rays enter the body?
penetrate
absorb
scatter
what are the types of differential attenuation?
areas receiving lots of radiations appear dark
areas receiving moderate amounts of radiation appear gray
areas receiving little or no radiation appear clear
what are the 5 radiographic densities?
air fat water bone metal
for the locations of boney pathology, lesions are located where?
central or eccentric with respect to the longitudinal axis
locations of boney pathology?
epiphysis physics metaphysis diametaphysis diaphysis joints
this defines the degree of darkening of film?
changes with respect too?
optical film density
density texture destruction size/shape number cortex time position joints soft tissues
this is condition that revolves around density:
changes in osseous density refer to brightening or darkening of bone (usually these changes occur together)
osteopenia
osteosclerosis
hyperostosis
what are the subclasses of osteopenia?
generalized
regional
focal
band like
what are the examples of generalized osteopenia?
osteoporosis
osteomalacia
hyperparathyroidism
neoplastic disease
what are the examples of regional osteopenia?
reflex sympathetic dystrophy
disuse osteoporosis
what are the examples of focal osteopenia?
osteomyelitis
what are the examples of bandlike osteopenia?
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
what is the example of osteosclerosis?
patient presenting with pain, X-ray shows dense bone but no change in boney structure
what are the types of hyperostosis?
what are the general causes of sclerosis and or hyperostosis? *also pseudo sclerosis?
general
pseudosclerosis
cortical thickening
medullary osteogenic
lack of osteoclastic resorption
relative sclerosis
*osseous overalp overlying of soft tissue high contrast tech anode heel effect processing errors
what are the osteosclerotic patterns?
focal
regional
generalized
linear bands
what is the specific examples of the linear bands? due to?
transverse metaphysela sclerotic bands
lead poisoning
what are the two types of sclerosis? examples of each?
general
- endocrine
- neoplastic
- drugs
calcaneal
- normal apophyseal variant
- seronegative arthritis
- pagets disease
- post traumatic fracture
what is the specific type of texture that is associated with many diseases like anemias?
coarsened texture
what are the examples of coarsened texture?
anemias storage disease neoplastic (leukemia, multiple myeloma) severe osteoporosis Paget's disease
what is the example of destruction? and examples of this and sizes?
internal lysis
geographic > 1cm
motheaten 2-5 mm
permeative <1mm
what terms do we use to describe changes in size and shape?
*undertubulation
*overtubulation
hypertrophy
splaying
macro/microdactyly
acropachy
abnormal bone size
short metatarsals
achondrogenesis craniodiaphyseal dysplasia craniometaphyseal dysplasia enchondromatosis engelman's disease fibrous dysplasia hyperphosphastasia
these are examples of _____?
congenital undertubulation
marfans syndrome is a bone condition that is an example of?
congenital overtubulation
examples of splaying?
thalassemia, sickle cell disease, gaucher’s, neimann-pick disease
erlenmeyer flask is an example of what type of bone condition?
what are some examples?
splaying
Gaucher’s disease
Neimann-pick disease
sickle-cell anemia
clubbing of distal phalanges, acromegaly are examples of what change in bone size and shape?
acropachy
tissue thickening seen in acropachy is called?
pesudoforaminae
what are the basic differentials of acropachy?
thyroid acropachy (hyperthyroidism)
hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
what are the examples of abnormal size of bone?
brachydactyly brachymetarsia macrodactyly microdactyly macrodystrophia
brachyphalangia is an example of?
brachydactyly
short metatarsals/metacarpals examples?
idiopathic arthritis infarction trauma turners syndrome pseudo hyperthyroidism osteomyelitis
cortex/periosteum changes are a result of?
periosteal reactions
what are the three types of periosteal reactions?
continuous
interrupted
complex
what are complex periosteal reactions?
single layer and solid sunburst lamellate multi layered, onion skin spiculated, hair on end codman angle/triangle combined and complex ballooned lesions
what are the 3 basic types of periosteal reactions?
continuous
interrupted
complex
what are the examples of juxta cortical processes?
parosteal periosteal cortical endosteal exostotic
what are the examples exostotic juxta-cortical processes?
osteophyte enthesophyte osteochondroma parosteal myositis ossificans ossified subperiosteal hematoma trauma heel spur and saddle bone
what are examples of diseases based on bone position?
interosseous Mal-alignment
interosseous deformity along choparts joint
examples of soft tissue diseases? examples of this?
calcinosis
- metastatic
- dystrophic
- idiopathic
- vascular
soft tissue ossifications are homengenous than calcifications like ossified hematoma, T/F?
T
