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RADIO I > BASICS OF RADIO HIGH YIELD > Flashcards

BASICS OF RADIO HIGH YIELD Flashcards

1
Q

how do x-rays enter the body?

A

penetrate
absorb
scatter

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2
Q

what are the types of differential attenuation?

A

areas receiving lots of radiations appear dark

areas receiving moderate amounts of radiation appear gray

areas receiving little or no radiation appear clear

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3
Q

what are the 5 radiographic densities?

A 
air
fat
water
bone
metal
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4
Q

for the locations of boney pathology, lesions are located where?

A

central or eccentric with respect to the longitudinal axis

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5
Q

locations of boney pathology?

A 
epiphysis
physics
metaphysis
diametaphysis
diaphysis
joints
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6
Q

this defines the degree of darkening of film?

changes with respect too?

A

optical film density

density
texture
destruction
size/shape
number
cortex
time
position
joints
soft tissues
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7
Q

this is condition that revolves around density:

changes in osseous density refer to brightening or darkening of bone (usually these changes occur together)

A

osteopenia
osteosclerosis
hyperostosis

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8
Q

what are the subclasses of osteopenia?

A

generalized
regional
focal
band like

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9
Q

what are the examples of generalized osteopenia?

A

osteoporosis
osteomalacia
hyperparathyroidism
neoplastic disease

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10
Q

what are the examples of regional osteopenia?

A

reflex sympathetic dystrophy

disuse osteoporosis

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11
Q

what are the examples of focal osteopenia?

A

osteomyelitis

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12
Q

what are the examples of bandlike osteopenia?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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13
Q

what is the example of osteosclerosis?

A

patient presenting with pain, X-ray shows dense bone but no change in boney structure

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14
Q

what are the types of hyperostosis?

what are the general causes of sclerosis and or hyperostosis? *also pseudo sclerosis?

A

general
pseudosclerosis

cortical thickening
medullary osteogenic
lack of osteoclastic resorption
relative sclerosis

*osseous overalp
overlying of soft tissue
high contrast tech
anode heel effect
processing errors
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15
Q

what are the osteosclerotic patterns?

A

focal
regional
generalized
linear bands

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16
Q

what is the specific examples of the linear bands? due to?

A

transverse metaphysela sclerotic bands

lead poisoning

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17
Q

what are the two types of sclerosis? examples of each?

A

general

  • endocrine
  • neoplastic
  • drugs

calcaneal

  • normal apophyseal variant
  • seronegative arthritis
  • pagets disease
  • post traumatic fracture
18
Q

what is the specific type of texture that is associated with many diseases like anemias?

A

coarsened texture

19
Q

what are the examples of coarsened texture?

A 
anemias
storage disease
neoplastic (leukemia, multiple myeloma)
severe osteoporosis
Paget's disease
20
Q

what is the example of destruction? and examples of this and sizes?

A

internal lysis

geographic > 1cm
motheaten 2-5 mm
permeative <1mm

21
Q

what terms do we use to describe changes in size and shape?

A

*undertubulation
*overtubulation
hypertrophy
splaying
macro/microdactyly
acropachy
abnormal bone size
short metatarsals

22
Q 
achondrogenesis
craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
craniometaphyseal dysplasia
enchondromatosis
engelman's disease
fibrous dysplasia
hyperphosphastasia

these are examples of _____?

A

congenital undertubulation

23
Q

marfans syndrome is a bone condition that is an example of?

A

congenital overtubulation

24
Q

examples of splaying?

A

thalassemia, sickle cell disease, gaucher’s, neimann-pick disease

25
Q

erlenmeyer flask is an example of what type of bone condition?

what are some examples?

A

splaying

Gaucher’s disease
Neimann-pick disease
sickle-cell anemia

26
Q

clubbing of distal phalanges, acromegaly are examples of what change in bone size and shape?

A

acropachy

27
Q

tissue thickening seen in acropachy is called?

A

pesudoforaminae

28
Q

what are the basic differentials of acropachy?

A

thyroid acropachy (hyperthyroidism)

hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

29
Q

what are the examples of abnormal size of bone?

A 
brachydactyly
brachymetarsia
macrodactyly
microdactyly
macrodystrophia
30
Q

brachyphalangia is an example of?

A

brachydactyly

31
Q

short metatarsals/metacarpals examples?

A 
idiopathic
arthritis
infarction
trauma
turners syndrome
pseudo hyperthyroidism
osteomyelitis
32
Q

cortex/periosteum changes are a result of?

A

periosteal reactions

33
Q

what are the three types of periosteal reactions?

A

continuous
interrupted
complex

34
Q

what are complex periosteal reactions?

A 
single layer and solid
sunburst
lamellate multi layered, onion skin
spiculated, hair on end
codman angle/triangle
combined and complex
ballooned lesions
35
Q

what are the 3 basic types of periosteal reactions?

A

continuous
interrupted
complex

36
Q

what are the examples of juxta cortical processes?

A 
parosteal
periosteal
cortical 
endosteal
exostotic
37
Q

what are the examples exostotic juxta-cortical processes?

A 
osteophyte
enthesophyte
osteochondroma
parosteal myositis ossificans
ossified subperiosteal hematoma
trauma
heel spur and saddle bone
38
Q

what are examples of diseases based on bone position?

A

interosseous Mal-alignment

interosseous deformity along choparts joint

39
Q

examples of soft tissue diseases? examples of this?

A

calcinosis

  • metastatic
  • dystrophic
  • idiopathic
  • vascular
40
Q

soft tissue ossifications are homengenous than calcifications like ossified hematoma, T/F?

A

T

RADIO I (27 decks)

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