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Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major tissue components of the muscleskeletal syste

A

Bones
Muscles
Connective tissues

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2
Q

From which of the germ layers do the 3 major components arise?

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

What are the functions of bone

A

Support
Protetcion - viscera - eg heart and lungs in thorax
Metabolism - actively metabolising - calciumand phosphate metabolism - bone is a massive store of there
Storage - minerals, protein store, stores fat, bone marrow is quite a fatty substance
Movement - joints, levers,
Haematopoiesis - production of blood cells

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4
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle

A

Locomotion
Posture - maintain equilibrium
Metabolic - glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscles
Venous return - muscles in leg compress deep veins - compress venous blood back up to heart
Heat production - skeletal muscle important for haemogenesis
Continence

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5
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue

A

Bottom 2 aren’t technically connective tissue
• Tendon connects muscle to bone - force transmission from muscle to bone

  • Ligament - supportive function - bone to bone
  • Fascia - sheets of connective tissue - function is to provide compartment eg compartments around muscles, is also protective
  • Cartilage articulated cartilage at the end of bones contributed to joints - hyaline - coefficient of friction between bony suraces is like ice on ice. Fibrocartilage ahas many more collagen fibres - shock absorption - increase bony congruity - soft surfact allows bones to form easy articulation - allows articulate surfact to envelop other bone eg in the knee
  • Synovial memb - releases synovial lucid to lubricate
  • Bursa - synovial fluid filled sacs to protect tendons ligaments eg from fiction - protective function - freq around joints
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6
Q

What gives rigidity in the bone?

A

CaPO4 in the ECM - compressive strength

Collagen - tensile stregth

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7
Q

What calls are present in the bone?

A

Osteoblasts lay town ecm and mineralise it
Osteoclasts - release acidic substance, eats away bone
Osteocytes - osteoblast embedded in the matrix

(Fibroblats
Macrophages
Mast cells
Adipocytes)

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8
Q

Is bone dynamic?

A
  • Bone is an extremely dynamic tissue
  • Co-ordinated cellular activity maintains bone shape
  • Calcium and phosphate can be liberated or stored depending on blood levels
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9
Q

What are different classifications of bone?

A

Long bones eg femur - levers
Short bones - as long as they are wide - work together to give great range of movement eg in wrist
Flat bones eg sternum, skull - typically involved in protection
Sesamoid bones - eg patella - they form within tendons - protective and mechanical functions
Irregular boenes - eg vertebrae - most abundant in axial skeleton

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10
Q

What is the significance of bony prominences?

A

Every feature has functional significance
Greater trochanter - muscle attachments - powerful muscle pulls on bone - rceates bony prominence
Largebony attachments
Sometimes muscle attachments are reoughenings on the surface of the bone

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11
Q

What are some surface features of bone?

A

Some bones have grooves eg over the humerus
Groove - implies nerve or vessel running over surface of bone
Olecranon ftis into hollow on humerous called olecranon fossa
Notches eg in pelvis
Foreman - window/hole - another class of foramena - little holes where blood vessels enter

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12
Q

Describe the blood supply to bone

A

Long bones normally have 1 major blood supply - nutrient artery - supported by periosteal artery
Growth plates in long bones - new bone laid down here to lengthen bone
Epiphyseal artery supplies epiphysis at end of bone - runs undependently of areas of bone supplied by nutrient artery
Fractures through top region can interfere bld supply from epip art - death of bone - in a child this can stop bone growth - asymmetric growth - when plates fuse - collateral supply coming from nutrient artery

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13
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

Bone will die if deprived of its blood supply, a condition known as avascular necrosis, which is particularly important in fractures of the scaphoid and neck of femur

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14
Q

Why might the shape of a humerous be different in, for example, a cricketer and swimmer?

A

Skeleton able to respond to environment variations arise due to balanced activity to osteoporosis blasts and clasts - remodel skeleton in response to stress and trauma

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15
Q

How does range of movement relate to stability

A

Joints connect one bone to another
Balance between range of movement and stability - stability = the probability of dislocation
stable = less prob of dislocation
Trade off

Eg
Skull - low ROM but high stability
Shoulder - high ROM but low stability

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16
Q

What are 3 joint classifications

A 
LEAST MOBILE
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
MOST MOBILE
17
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A
  • Essentially collagen fibres joining bones
  • Very limited mobility
  • Found where great strength/stability are required e.g. in skull
18
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Cartilaginous joints
• Cartilage acts as ‘glue’ holding bones together
• Limited mobility
• Typically found at the ends of growing bones or along the midline of the adult body

Primary cartilaginous joints = growth plates
Secondary = eg intervertebral disc - thin layer of hyaline cartilage - fibro between the 2 - normally in midline = cartilaginous

19
Q

What are synovial joints?

A
  • Separate bones are capped by smooth articular cartilage with a thin film of synovial fluid separating them
  • Frequently highly mobile
  • Found all over the skeleton
20
Q

What are different types of synovial joint?

A

Plane - 2 flat suraces tat slide against each other - fair degree of movement -cant separate bones
Hinge eg elbow - only allow movement in 1 plane
Pivot - peg in hole - peg rotates around long axis
Saddle - flexiona nd extension - or movement in a perpendicular plane - 2 planes of motion
Condyloid
Balls and Socket

21
Q

How do synovial joints develop?

A

Bones develop as a rod of cartilage which becomes mineralised
All cartilage surrounded by perichondrium
Kill of chondrocytes at the point where synovial joint its to be built
Forming an interruption halfway - cavity of synovial joint
Capsule around joint Continuous with periosteum of bone
Some cartilage remained as intra articulate ligaments holding bones within joint together - knee

22
Q

What are the classes of levers?

A

See notes/slide

23
Q

What is the relationship between force generation and ROM

A

Longer bony process = increased force BUT less ROM

24
Q

Describe muscle attachment points

A

o The origin is usually the ‘stationary’ proximal anchor point
o The insertion is usually the ‘mobile’ distal attachment point
o Either way, muscle contraction is ‘symmetrical’ exerting equal force on origin and insertion
o Origin and insertion can be ‘inverted’ if insertion point is fixed

25
Q

Can muscles push?

A

NO only pull

26
Q

Which joints can muscles act on?

A

Only joints which they + their tendons cross

27
Q

Describe the action of a muscle on a joint related to its structure

A

• The action of a muscle on a joint is a function of the orientation of its fibres and the relation of those fibres to the joint
• The action of a muscle is a function of the starting position of the joint (usually described as starting in the anatomical position)
• Muscles work together and almost never in isolation
– The central nervous system co-ordinates this complex task

28
Q

What do muscles lie within

A 
Fascial compartments (deep fascia)
Muscles in each compartment share common innervation and share common function
29
Q

Name types of muscle

A 
Parallel
Fusiform
Circular (sphincter)
Triangular
Pennate
30
Q

How can muscle action be predicted?

A

• By looking at their structure (to infer their function)
– Where does it attach?
– How many joints does it cross?
– How is it related to the joint (e.g. anterior/posterior etc)?
– What direction do the fibres run in?

31
Q

Are connective tissues connected to each other?

A

Yes

There is continuity between periosteum, joint capsule, tendon, epimysium and bone collagen matrix

32
Q

What are alternative names for superficial fascia and deep fascia/

A

– Superficial fascia = subcutaneous fat, subcutis,
hypodermis…
– Deep fascia = epimysium of muscle

33
Q

What causes skin creases?

A

Adhesion of skin to underlying fascia

34
Q

Why do tendons heal slowly?

A

High collagen low elastic heal slowly - relatively poor bald supply and low amount of water
Mostly collagen in parallel bundles

35
Q

Describe ligaments

A

Strong ligaments connect strong bones of the ligament
Hormone called relaxin relaxes ligaments of ilium in pregnancy - joints unstable
Ligaments - arches of feeet
Ligaments surround joints - periatrciuar ligaments - thickenings of joint capsule
Periosteum continuous with joint capsule

36
Q

What are aponeurosis?

A

Sheets of connective tissue (dense regular)
“Flat tendons” - connect muscle to muscle
Sometimes connect muscle to bone

37
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

Hiltons law - if we consider the nerves that supply a joint - these nerves also supply the muscles that cross the joint and the skin that overlies the insertions of these muscles

38
Q

What are HOx genes?

A

Regulate segmentation eg

Hox genes regulate number of lumbar vertebrae - normally 5

Msk (15 decks)

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