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SCP1 > Basic Principles of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Basic Principles of Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete?

A

Into circulation

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2
Q

Where do exocrine glands secrete?

A

Via a duct (i.e digestive system)

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3
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical substance secreted without benefit of a duct

Directly into bloodstream

Acts at long range, slowly on distant organs or tissues

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4
Q

What are the 5 modes of release for a hormone?

A 
Paracrine
Autocrine
Neurocrine
Endocrine
Neuroendocrine
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5
Q

Describe paracrine action + example

A

Acts of adjacent cells

Histamine from mast cells

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6
Q

Describe autocrine action + example

A

Acts on same cell

Interleukins

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7
Q

Describe neurocrine action + example

A

Acts in neurotransmission

Noradrenaline

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8
Q

Describe endocrine action + example

A

Secreted into the bloodstream

Insulin

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9
Q

Describe neuroendocrine action + example

A

Neuron releases hormone into blood vessel

Dopamine inhibition of prolactin release

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of hormones?

A

Synthesised and secreted by specialist cells

Released into circulation

Acts (slowly) on distant organs and tissues

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11
Q

What developmental processes does the endocrine system play a role in regulating?

A

Growth
Puberty
Sexual Maturation

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12
Q

What tyrosine derivatives are important in the endocrine system?

A

Dopamine
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Thyroxine

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13
Q

What is the structure of a glycoprotein hormone?

A

Alpha and beta chain + carbohydrate

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14
Q

What are some examples of glycoprotein hormones?

A

TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone

LH = lutenizing hormone

FSH = follicle stimulating hormone

hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin

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15
Q

What is the difference between the alpha and beta chain in a glycoprotein hormone?

A

The alpha chain is species specific and beta chain is hormone specific.

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16
Q

What do steroid hormones effect? + examples

A

Water and electrolyte balance via mineralocorticoids (like aldosterone)

Carbohydrate and protein metabolism via glucocosteroids (like cortisol)

Sexual characteristics via sex steroids (like oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone)

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17
Q

What do mineralocorticoids control? + example

A

Water and electrolyte balance such as aldosterone

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18
Q

What do glucocorticoids control? + example

A

Carbohydrate and protein metabolism such as cortisol

19
Q

What do sex steroids control?

A

Sexual characteristics such as oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone

20
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)

Ant. pituitary

21
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

hypothalamus

22
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

ant pituitary

23
Q

LH

A

Lutenizing hormone

ant pituitary

24
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

hypothalamus

25
Q

GH

A

Growth hormone

ant pituitary

26
Q

GHRH

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

hypothalamus

27
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)

ant pituitary

28
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

hypothalamus

29
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

30
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline + noradrenaline

31
Q

What hormones are released by the ant. pituitary?

A

ACTH, GH, prolactin, FSH, LH TSH

32
Q

What hormones are released by the hypothalamus

A

TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH, somatostatin, dopamine

33
Q

What hormones are released by the ovary?

A

oestrogen, progesterone

34
Q

What hormones are released by the pancreas?

A

glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

35
Q

What hormones are released by the parathyroid?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

36
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone

37
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

vasopressin, oxytocin

38
Q

What hormones are released by the testes?

A

testosterone

39
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid?

A

calcitonin, tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine/tetra-iodothyroinine (T4)

40
Q

How does adrenaline work within a cell?

A

Adrenaline binds to a GPCR (with a Gs protein).

Gs activates adenylyl cyclase producing cAMP.

cAMP activates PKA, the catalyitic subunit of which binds to (phosphorylates) the CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) leading to increased gene transcription.

41
Q

What does a steroid hormones activate a cell with GPCR with a Gq protein unit?

A

Ligand causes Gq protein to activate PLC (phospholipase C) which releases DAG and IP3

IP3 causes Ca2+ release, Ca binds with calmodulin and activates CaM kinase + activates PKC.

DAG leads to PKC activation too.

PKC and CaM kinase then affects the gene transcription of the cell.

42
Q

What is HSP90

A

Heat shock protein 90

Prevents interaction with DNA by covering the DNA binding protein. It is removed when a steroid hormone binds to a receptor on the cell.

43
Q

How do catecholamines travel around the blood

A

In free form

44
Q

How do thyroid hormones travel around the blood

A

In bound form with plasma proteins

SCP1 (37 decks)

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