basic metabolism Flashcards
what are the 10 functional groups?
Aldehyde Amine Amide Acyl Carboxyl Carbonyl Disulphide Hydroxide Ketone Phosphate
what are the 13 important ions in the body?
Ammonium Bicarbonate Calcium Chloride Fluoride Hydrogen Hydroxide Iron Iodide Magnesium Phosphate Potassium Sodium
which ion is necessary for enzyme function?
magnesium
what are the names of the 4 common reactions?
- hydrolysis
- condensation
- oxidation - reduction
- energy and enzymatic
what occurs in a hydrolysis reaction?
and an example?
occurs when water is added
e.g lactose + water -> glucose + galactose
what occurs in a condensation reaction?
releases water + 2 molecules combining to form a larger one
e.g glucose + galactose -> lactose and water
what occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
both oxidation and reduction occur in parallel to each other as oxidaiton is loss of electrons and reduction is gain of electrons
what occurs in an energy and enzymatic reaction?
involves enzymes as catalysts to speed up the reaction as they lower the energy barrier
enzymes can be used repeatedly as they are not consumed by the reaction
which elements make up fats, carbohydrates and ethanol?
CHO
which elements make up proteins?
CHONS
what are the 2 most common bonds within molecules and what briefly are they?
covalent - share of electrons
ionic - attraction between oppositely charged ions
what does it mean if an element has a positive or negative symbol next to it?
the charge symbolises the element in its ionic form
if they have to lose electrons when bonding, charge is positive
if they have to gain electrons when bonding, charge is negative
what is the difference between ammonium and ammonia?
ammonium is NH4+ (the ion of ammonia) and has 4 hydrogens
ammonia is NH3 and loses an electron when in a solution
what does the 6 in glucose-6-phosphate mean?
relates to the position of the phosphate
what components make up triglyceride?
esters
3 molecules of fatty acids linked to glycerol
structure and role of phospholipids?
2 fatty acids and one phosphate linked to glycerol
makes up membranes of most cells
what are the 2 most common co-enzymes and what is a co-enzyme?
NADH
FADH
non-protein compound necessary for the functioning of an enzyme
how do salts, acids and bases differ in their structure?
salts - cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) and are formed with the interaction of acids and bases
acids - higher concentratin of protons so proton donor
bases - higher concentration of electrons so proton acceptor
what is teh body’s energy currency and what are the different forms of it?
ATP/ADP/AMP
what are hormones?
chemical substances produced by endrocine system and transported in vascular system to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action (have specific receptors)
e.g oestrogen
what are enzymes?
proteins funcitoning as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reaction and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction
e.g lipase
what is glycolysis and what are the end products?
breaking down of glucose into energy
occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is a set of reactions catalysed by enzymes
uses 2 ATPs -> 4ATPs and 2 NADH
so each cycle produces 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate (can be used in (an)aerobic respiration)
what is beta oxidation and what are the end products of it?
catabolic process of getting energy from long fatty acid chains (breaking them down)
occurs in the mitochondria
produces 1 FADH, 1 NADH and acetyl CoA
what are the products of the electron transport chain?
NADH (oxidised) -> 3 ATP
FADH2 (oxidised) -> 2 ATP
each cycle produces 1 H2O
occurs across inner membrane of mitochondria
name and describe the 3 steps of protein synthesis?
- transcription - copying dna to mrna
- translation - initiation, elongation and termination reading of mrna to make polypeptide chain
- . post translation modifications - folding into useful structures
