Basic genetics Flashcards
concerning genetic traits in large number of individuals
Population genetics
pertaining to cellular organization of genetic materials
cellular genetics
father of genetics. one who postulated law of inheritance
Gregor Mendel
first Mendell law
Law of independent or random segregation
law of independent assortment
states that genes for different traits are inherited separately from each other. allows all possible combination of offspring
carried by either parent or both parents but is not generally seen at the phenotypic level unless both parents carry the trait
Recessive trait
refers to traits that are not carried by sex chromosomes
autosomal
heterochromatin
stains dark bands
stains light bands and consists of highly condensed regions that are usually not transcriptionally active
Achromatin
the swollen form of chromatin in cells which is considered to be more active in the synthesis of RNA for transcription
Eurochromatin
each of the members of one chromosome pair is called
Chromosome homologue
male chromosome consists of
X and Y
female chromosome consist of
X and X
what do you call the 22 pairs from the human chromosome?
Autosomes
process of cell division unique to gametes (ova and sperm)
Meiosis
is the process of replication in nucleated body cells except gametes
Mitosis
process which one strand of DNA is copied into RNA
Transcription
Translation
cellular process in which RNA transcripts are turned into proteins and peptides, the functional molecules of the cell
also known as quiescence or resting phase
G0
cell not actively in the cell cycle
G0
period of cell growth and synthesis of cell components, last for 6-8 hrs / 10 hrs (Rodak’s)
Gap 1 (G1)
Period in which nucleolus becomes visible and chromosomes are extended and active metabolically
Gap 1 (G1)
Gap 1 (G1)
Cell prepares for cell division by synthesizing RNA and protein
time of DNA replication, both growth and metabolic activities are minimal
S Phase (DNA synthesis)
centrosome is also duplicated in what cell phase?
S Phase (DNA synthesis)
S phase lasts for ___ or ____(Rodak’s)
6 or 8
2nd period of growth , when DNA can again function to its maximum in the synthesis of RNA and proteins in preparation for mitotic division
Gap 2 (G2)
Gap 2 lasts for ___
4 to 5 hours or 4 hrs (rodak’s)
G0, G1, S Phase, and G2 are all part of what non-mitosis stage?
Interphase
Mitosis phase consists of (in order)
- prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
telophase
chromatin pattern reappear, nucelolus and nuclear membrane reappear, chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
sister chromatids seperate and move to equatorial plate
Metaphase
sister Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Anaphase
chromatin becomes tightly coiled, nucleolus and nuclear envelope disintegrate, centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
Prophase
te of a gene in a chromosome
locus
always expressed
dominant gene
alternate forms of a gene at a given locus
allele
equal expression of two different inherited alleles
codominant
Opposite antigens encoded at the same locus
antithetical
refers to having two or more alleles at a given locus
Polymorphic
gene that in the presence of a dominant gene does not express itself
ex :O
Recessive gene
gene that does not produce any detectable trait
e
amorph
identical alleles
homozygous
Different alleles
heterozygous
gene that suppresses the expression of another gene
suppressor gene
Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters.” Alleles
are different versions of genes that impart the same characteristic.
first law: law of segreagation
genes for different traits are inherited separately from each other
second law: law of independent assortment