ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES Flashcards
substances that INDUCE the FORMATION of antibodies
Antigens
part that interacts with antibodies
Epitope
most antigens in the various blood group systems are inherited _____
codominantly
antigens classified as either:
1)
2)
Low incidence
High incidence
Private/Family antigen
(eg.Kell antigen (K)
1% of population; not common
Low incidence
Public antigen
(eg. Cellano (k)
occur in greater than 99% of population
High incidence
most common antibody detected in Blood Bank
Anti-K (anti-Kell)
STIMULATES plasma cells to PRODUCE ANTIBODIES
Epitopes
reagent antibodies are termed as:
antisera
is a mixture of antibodies that target multiple epitopes of a single antigen
Polyclonal antibodies
antibodies that are specific for a single epitope of a single antigen
Monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are produced/made by
Kohler and Milstein by using Hybridoma technology
antibodies that are found in individuals with no previous exposure to RBC antigens via transfusion, injection, or pregnancy and are produced in response to substances in the environment that resembles RBC antigens
Naturally occuring
Naturally occuring antigens are usually ____ in nature
IgM
Naturally occuring or IgM antibodies react best at
room temperature (22 - 25’C) or lower
antibodies found in individuals who have been transfused or pregnant
Immune antibodies
immune antibodies are usually ___ in nature
IgG
Immune antibodies or IgG react best at
37’C
Blood groups that are IgG
Rh, Duffy, Kidd, Kell, Ss
“DR. KELL IgG on KiddSs”
Blood groups that are IgM
ABO, Lewis, MN, P, I
produced after exposure to NONSELF
Alloantibodies
produced in response to SELF antigen
Autoantibodies
Potentiators/Enhancement Media
1) AHG (Antihuman Globulin)
2) 22% Albumin
3) LISS (Low Ionic Saline Solution)
4) PEG (Polyethylene Glycol)
5) Enzymes
potentiators:
cross-links sensitized cells
AHG
potentiators:
Reduces RBC surface charge, destroys or enhances RBCs
Enzymes
potentiators:
macromolecules allows CLOSER contact of antibody-coated cells
22% Albumin
potentiators:
REMOVE WATER molecule surrounding RBCs to concentrate the antibody
PEG
potentiators:
reduces ZETA POTENTIAL and increase antibody uptake
(incubation time from 30-60 mins to 10-15 mins)
LISS
LISS contains
0.2% sodium chloride
enzymes that breaks the J-chain of IgM antibody
DTT & 2-ME
enzyme that lets IgG dissociate from RBCs
ZZAP
Enzymes used in BB
Ficin (fig pant)
Trypsin (pig stomach)
Bromelin (pineapple)
Papain (papaya)
blood groups that is Enhanced by enzymes
“Rh Kidd PILA”
Rh Kidd P1 Lewis ABO
blood groups that is DESTROYED by enzymes
“MDX”
MNS
Duffy
Xga
