Basic Digestive Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

Proximal end of the digestive tract prehension, mastication, and partial digestion

Answer 1

Mouth

Question 2

musculomembranous organ which is a common passage for feed and air

Answer 2

Pharynx

Question 3

passage of ingested feed from mouth to stomach

Answer 3

Esophagus

Question 4

In young ruminants consuming predominantly milk _____ / _____ allows milk to pass directly from the esophagus through the omasum into the abomasum which permits efficient digestion and utilization of milk

Answer 4

Esophageal groove

Question 5

Enlarged portion of the esophagus in birds which serves as temporary storage location for food and allows the food to be softened before it enters the stomach

Answer 5

Crop

Question 6

Site of mixing of ingested food, saliva, and gastric juices

Answer 6

Stomach

Question 7

Secretes proenzyme pepsinogen

Answer 7

Chief cells

Question 8

COMPONENTS OF GASTRIC MUCOSA

Answer 8

Chief cells
Parietal cells

Question 9

Secretes hydrochloric acid

Answer 9

Parietal cells (oxyntic cells)

Question 10

Denature proteins, kill most ingested microorganisms, and activate the pepsinogen to pepsin

Answer 10

Hydrochloric acid

Question 11

Causes the coagulation of casein to prevent rapid passage of milk out of the stomach and thus promoting digestion of milk in the stomach

Answer 11

Secretion of enzme CHYMOSIN (RENNIN)

Question 12

2 STOMACH PARTS IN BIRDS

Answer 12

Proventriculus
Ventriculus (gizzard)

Question 13

Glandular portion of bird stomach; secretes HCl, mucus, and pepsin

Answer 13

Proventriculus

Question 14

Muscular portion of bird stomach; performs the same function of the mammalian teeth; contains grits in most birds to aid the grinding process

Answer 14

Vetriculus (gizzard)

Question 15

Final site of digestion

Answer 15

Small intestine

Question 16

Walls has fingerlike projections called villi that greatly increase its surface area for absorption of nutrients

Answer 16

Small intestine

Question 17

3 PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

Answer 17

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Question 18

Site of digestion; secretes enterokinase that activates trypsinogen to trypsin

Answer 18

Duodenum

Question 19

Activates trypsinogen (a zymogen from pancreas) to trypsin

Answer 19

Enterokinase

Question 20

Major site of nutrient absorption in small intestine

Answer 20

Jejunum

Question 21

Site of nutrient absorption in small intestine

Answer 21

Ileum

Question 22

Glands that secrete intestinal juice; enzymatic components include aminopeptidase, dipeptidases, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, phosphatase, nucleosidases; no lactase secretion in birds

Answer 22

Brunner’s & Lieberkuhn’s glands

Question 23

Receives secretions from the accessory digestive organs pancreas and liver

Answer 23

Small intestine

Question 24

PANCREATIC ENZYMES

Answer 24

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Elastase
Carboxypeptidase
A-Amylase
Pancreatic lipases
Phospholipase A2
Cholesteryl ester hydrolase
Deoxyribonuclease e

Question 25

An endopeptidase; secreted as trypsinogen and activated by enterokinase

Answer 25

Trypsin

Question 26

An endopeptidase; secreted as chymotrypsinogen and activated by trypsin

Answer 26

Chymotrypsin

Question 27

An endopeptidase; secreted as proelastase and activated by trypsin

Answer 27

Elastase

Question 28

An exopeptidase; secreted as procarboxypeptidase and activated by trypsin

Answer 28

Carboxypeptidase

Question 29

A carbohydrase which primarily cleaves A-1-4 linked glucose residues of starch (from consumed plants) and glycogen (form consumed meat and liver)

Answer 29

A-Amylase

Question 30

Cleaves the primary ester linkages in triglycerides

Answer 30

Pancreatic lipases

Question 31

Acts on lecithins and cephalins

Answer 31

Phospholipase A2

Question 32

An esterase acting on cholesterol esters

Answer 32

Cholesteryl ester hydrolase

Question 33

Nucleases acting on DNA and RNA

Answer 33

Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease

Question 34

Is a peptidase that cleaves peptide bonds within the protein molecules and results in peptide chains, not the monomers

Answer 34

Endopeptidase

Question 35

Is a peptidase that cleaves peptide bonds at the terminals and results in single amino acids

Answer 35

Exopeptidase

Question 36

Digests internal peptide bonds

Answer 36

Endopeptidase

Question 37

Digests terminal peptide bonds to release amino acids

Answer 37

Exopeptidase

Question 38

Produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder and secreted into the duodenum

Answer 38

Bile

Question 39

Reduces surface tension and aid the emulsification of fats to aid/promote the efficient digestion and absorption of fat and the fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 39

Bile salts

Question 40

Serves a similar neutralizing role as of the pancreatic secretions

Answer 40

Bile

Question 41

Serves as an excretory route for bile acids, cholesterol, bile pigments, drugs/toxins, and several minerals

Answer 41

Bile

Question 42

Movement that does not move the contents along the intestine, but merely mixes it

Answer 42

Segmentation

Question 43

Facilitates absorption by bringing the ingesta into contact with the villi and by stimulating the flow of blood and lymph in the intestinal wall

Answer 43

Segmentation

Question 44

Movement that tends to propel the ingesta along the intestine in a direction towards the anus

Answer 44

Peristalsis

Question 45

Responsible for a portion of the characteristic odor of feces

Answer 45

3–methylindole (skatole)

Question 46

Site of significant absorption of water

Answer 46

Large intestine

Question 47

Terminal segment of the digestive system in which feces accumulate just prior to discharge

Answer 47

Rectum

Question 48

Bulbous final holding area for the waste products of digestion, as well as product of the reproductive system in hen and waste products of the urinary system

Answer 48

Cloaca

Question 49

Terminal opening of the digestive tract through fecal material is excreted

Answer 49

Anus

Question 50

Also called vent, serves as a common opening for excretion waste products of digestive and urinary systems as well as expulsion of egg

Answer 50

Anus

Question 51

Ruminants have no incisor teeth on the upper jaw, they have this instead

Answer 51

Dental pad

Question 52

Functions bi-directionally in allowing ruminants to regurgitate their cud for further chewing

Answer 52

Esophagus

Question 53

Most cranial compartment of the stomach

Answer 53

Reticulum (honeycomb)

Question 54

Acts as a trap for foreign objects ingested in the stomach

Answer 54

Reticulum (honeycomb)

Question 55

Largest compartment in ruminant stomach

Answer 55

Rumen (paunch)

Question 56

With finger projections (papillae) in ruminant stomach

Answer 56

Rumen (paunch)

Question 57

Contains billions of bacteria, protozoa, molds, and yeasts which live in a symbiotic manner with the animal; they are the reason ruminant can eat and digest large amounts of roughage

Answer 57

Rumen (paunch)

Question 58

Where does volatile fatty acid absorption occur

Answer 58

Rumen

Question 59

FIRST 3 COMPARTMENTS THAT ARE REFFERED TO AS FORESTOMACH

Answer 59

Reticulum Rumen Omasum

Question 60

Has many leaf-like folds called laminae

Answer 60

Omasum (manylies)

Question 61

It functions as the gateway to the abomasum, filtering large particles back to the reticulorumen and allowing fine particles and fluid to be passed to the abomasum

Answer 61

Omasum (manyplies)

Question 62

It does aid in water resorption and recycling of buffers for the saliva, and may also absorb some volatile fatty acids

Answer 62

Omasum

Question 63

Process of bringing food material back from the ruminant stomach to the mouth for further mastication

Answer 63

Rumination

Question 64

PHASES OF RUMINATION

Answer 64

Regurgitation Remastication Reinsalivation Redeglutition

Question 65

Returning of food to the mouth; preceded by the contraction of the reticulum

Answer 65

Regurgitation

Question 66

Rechewing

Answer 66

Remastication

Question 67

Mixing with saliva

Answer 67

Reinsalivation

Question 68

Reswallowing

Answer 68

Redeglutition

Question 69

Process of elimination/releasing of gaseous products of fermentation process in the rumen

Answer 69

Eructation

Question 70

Failure to do _____ will lead to excessive gas accumulation in the rumen leading to ruminal tympani (bloat) and eventual death of the animal due to asphyxiation as expanding rumen interferes with breathing

Answer 70

Eructation

Question 71

True stomach in ruminants

Answer 71

Abomasum

Question 72

It functions much like the non-ruminant stomach producing acid and some enzymes to start protein digestion

Answer 72

Abomasum (true stomach)

Question 73

Site of rennin secretion in ruminants

Answer 73

Abomasum (true stomach)