Basic Chem + Physio Flashcards
Cellular enzymes can only combine with these amino acid and sugar stereoisomers
L-amino acids and D-sugars
Monosaccharides are
Simple sugars (exposes, with C6H12O6 formula): glucose, galactose, fructose
Disaccharides are
2 monosaccharides
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = galactose + glucose
Malt sugar/maltose = glucose + glucose
Cholesterol is a precursor molecule to __ and a component of __
Steroid hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D; cell membranes
Prostaglandins are a type of __ & arevinvolved in
Fatty acid; blood vessel diameter, ovulation, uterine contraction, inflammation, blood clotting
Amino acid structure
A functional group, amino group, and carboxyl group
Nucleotide structure
A penrose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 cubic centimeter of water by 1°C
calorie (kilocalorie =C)
Catabolic reactions __ & anabolic reactions __
Release energy, ie, by breakdown of larger molecules; require energy and synthesize larger energy-storage molecules
Glycolysis is
Glucose is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
A catalyst is a chemical that
Increases the rate of a reaction
Is not itself changed at the end of a reaction
Does not change the nature of a reaction or its final result
The mechanism by which a final product inhibits an earlier enzymatic step in its pathway is known as
Allosteric inhibition
The first law of thermodynamics
In energy transformations, the total energy is conserved
The degree of disorganization (inability to do work) of a system’s total energy
Entropy
Second law of thermodynamics
The amount of entropy increases in every energy transformation
Energy in an organized state
Free energy
Chemical reactions that require an I put of energy are known as
Endergonic reactions
Reactions that convert molecules with more free energy to molecules with less, and therefore release energy as they proceed are called
Exergonic reactions
A reducing agent is
An atom or molecule that donates electrons to another
An oxidizing agent is
An atom or molecukebthat accepts electrons from another
Coenzyme derived from niacin
Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD)
Coenzyme derived from riboflavin
Flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD)
Cat blood volume
50 to 60 mL/kg
