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Fel Med > Anesthesia & Analgesia > Flashcards

Anesthesia & Analgesia Flashcards

1
Q

Reflex bradycardia is associated with __ administration, and is caused by

A

Dexmedetomidine; increased SVR

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2
Q

Hypoventilation can occur when __ are administered with other drugs (ie, opioids, ketamine, propofil)

A

Alpha-2 agonists

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3
Q

Dexmedetomidine produces profound

A

Sedation and muscle relaxation

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4
Q

Analgesia provided by alpha-2 agonists has been shown to be synergistic with __

A

Opioids

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5
Q

Dexmedetomidine duration of action

A

1-3 hours

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6
Q

Administration of alpha-1 agonists commonly results in a __ blood pressure response: initially the patient is ____ with __ but with time the __ may decrease, resulting in ___ with continued ___

A

Biphasic; bradycardic with elevated BP, but then SVR may decrease, resulting in hypotension with continued bradycardia

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7
Q

With alpha-2 agonists, in addition to bradycardia, a variety of ___ may be observed

A

Dysrhythmias

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8
Q

Atipamezole has been successfully used __ in cats

A

Off-label (it’s labeled for IM use in dogs)

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9
Q

Atipamezole administered IV is contraindicated because it may

A

Result in rapid relaxation of vascular tone, which, coupled with bradycardia could result in cardiovascular collapse

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10
Q

It is recommended that atipamezole and anticholinergics

A

Not be used concurrently, as both can cause significant increases in heart rate

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11
Q

ASA PS 1

A

Normal; no disease, elective procedure

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12
Q

ASA PS 2

A

Mild systemic disease (eg, skin tumor or fracture) without shock

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13
Q

ASA PS 3

A

Severe systemic disease limiting activity but not incapacitating (eg well-controlled DM)

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14
Q

ASA PS 4

A

Incapacitating systemic disease that is a constant threat to life (eg, perforated small intestine and severe hypovolemia)

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15
Q

ASA PS 5

A

Moribund patient not expected to live 24 hours without Sx (eg severe trauma & shock)

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16
Q

The state of general anesthesia consists of

A

Unconsciousness, muscle relaxation, amnesia, analgesia, and absence of reflex responses

17
Q

Acepromazine duration of action

A

4 to 7 hours (longer with compromised hepatic function)

18
Q

Acepromazine adverse effects

A

Vasodilation (alpha-1-adtenergic blockade) –> hypotension (avoid in in hypovolemic/hypertensive patients)
Hypothermia (inhibits thermoregulation in hypothalamus via D2 receptors)

19
Q

Potentially beneficial effects of acepromazine

A

Anti-arrhythmic, anti-emetic, anti-histamine

20
Q

Phenothiazines (acepromazine) block ___ receptors

A

Dopamine-2 and alpha-1 receptors

21
Q

Acepromazine has __ effects on oxygenation/ventilation

A

Minimal

22
Q

Benzodiazepine MOA

A

Increase GABA and glycine (inhibitory) activity in CNS, resulting in sedation

23
Q

GABA and glycine receptors are found in

A

The cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum, migraine, hippocampus, medulla, and spinal cord

24
Q

While acepromazine is considered a sedative, it is likely not an

A

Anxiolytic

25
Q

CNS effects of acepromazine

A

Sedation, muscle relaxation, ataxia, decreased motor activity, 3rd eyelid prolapse

26
Q

The increased glycine activity of benzodiazepines results in (overall effects)

A

Anxiolysis and muscle relaxation

27
Q

CNS effects of benzos

A

Anticonvulsant, sedation, muscle relaxation, (very mild) analgesia, appetite stimulation, retrograde amnesia

28
Q

Cardiopulmonary effects of benzos are __

A

Minimal, but respiratory depression if used with opiate or other anesthetic

29
Q

Benzos are rarely used in healthy patients because

A

Sedation is poor and excitement may occur

30
Q

Alpha-2 receptor agonist MOA

A

Post-synaptic alpha-2 receptor activation: vasoconstriction (vascular smooth muscle contraction)
Pre-synaptic alpha-2 receptors: inhibition of NE release from terminal axons, inhibition of NE neuron firing b/c of hyperpolarization, and decreased NE turnover in CNS

31
Q

The decreased SNS outflow from alpha-2 agonists results in

A

Sedation, analgesia (spinal alpha-2 receptors), muscle relaxation (spinal alpha-2 receptors), CV depression (bradycardia, decreased contractility, vasodilation after vasoconstriction)

32
Q

CV effects of alpha-2 agonists

A

Initial vasoconstriction followed by reflex bradycardia then centrally mediated SNS depression: bradycardia, vasodilation, decrease in CO and tissue perfusion
All alpha-2 agonists cause sinus arrhythmias, bradycardia, sinoatriral block, 1st & 2nd degree AV block

Fel Med (24 decks)

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