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Paramedic Class > Basic Anatomy > Flashcards

Basic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Manufacture proteins

A

Ribosomes

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2
Q

Necessary for cell division

A

Centrioles

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3
Q

Manufactures lipids, responsible for maintaining cell walls.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

Manufactures proteins with ribosomes attached to its surface. Proteins are for export

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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5
Q

Not attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum, these manufacture protein for the cell itself.

A

Free ribosomes

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6
Q

“Quality control” for produced proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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7
Q

Contains enzymes that break down part of a cell.

A

Lysosomes

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8
Q

Basic fuel of the body

A

ATP - Adenosine TriPhosphate

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9
Q

What produces ATP?

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

What cells form bones?

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

Tissue covering body surfaces, internal organs, and make up the glands.

A

Epithelial tissue

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12
Q

Tissues filling the internal spaces of the body, bind, support, and protect body structures.

A

Connective tissues

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13
Q

Tissues including skeletal muscles, heart, and muscular walls of hollow organs.

A

Muscle tissues

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14
Q

Tissues carrying information from one part of the body to another.

A

Nervous tissues.

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15
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, face, thoracic cage, and vertebral column

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16
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

The arms, legs, their connection points, and the pelvis.

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17
Q

What is the hilum?

A

The point of entry into the lungs.

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18
Q

What is the typical resting tidal volume?

A

500 mL

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19
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air moved in one breath.

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20
Q

What does a chronotropic effect do?

A

Effects rate of heart contraction

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21
Q

What does a dromotropic effect do?

A

Effects rate of electrical conduction

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22
Q

What does an inotropic effect do?

A

Effects strength of contraction

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23
Q

What response does alpha1 stimulation produce?

A

Vasoconstriction and increase in sweat gland activity

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24
Q

What response does alpha2 stimulation produce?

A

Blocks norepinephrine release

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25
Q

What response does beta1 stimulation produce?

A

In the heart, increase in rate, force, and electrical activity.
In vessels, vasodilation.

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26
Q

What response does beta2 stimulation produce?

A

Bronchodilation and glycogenolysis

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27
Q

What response does beta3 stimulation produce?

A

Glycogenolysis

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28
Q

What are the four catecholemines?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

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29
Q

What is the innermost layer of a vessel?

A

Tunica intima

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30
Q

What is the middle layer of the vessel? What does it do?

A

Tunica media

It is made of smooth muscle cells for expansion and contraction of the vessel.

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31
Q

What is the outermost layer of the vessel?

A

Tunica adventitia

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32
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowing of a lumen of an artery for any reason.

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33
Q

How much blood do most people have?

A

5L

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34
Q

What are the three main plasma proteins?

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogens

35
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Maintains oncotic pressure, moving water.

36
Q

What do globulins do?

A

Antibodies

37
Q

What do fibrinogens do?

A

They’re for coagulation

38
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Measurement of all formed elements of blood cells

39
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

40
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Process where red blood cells are made.

41
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

42
Q

What’s the normal white blood cell count?

43
Q

Somatic sensory neurons do what?

A

Sense things like touch, pressure, cold, heat, pain, and proprioception

44
Q

What kind of pain is associated with somatic sensory neurons?

A

Sharp, stabbing, easy to localize, and constant

45
Q

What do visceral sensory neurons do?

A

Located in viscera, they sense fullness, need to urinate, defecate.

46
Q

What pain is associated with visceral sensory neurons?

A

Dull, achy, crampy pain, difficult to localize, and waxes and wanes

47
Q

What do somatic motor neurons do?

A

Deal with skeletal muscle fubction

48
Q

What do visceral motor neurons do?

A

Deal with peristalsis, urination, and defecation

49
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Movement of food

50
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter for parasympathetic synapses?

A

Acetylcholine

51
Q

What eats acetylcholine?

A

Acetycholinase

52
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

53
Q

What eats norepinephrine?

A

Monoamine oxidase

54
Q

What is the feed and breed side of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic

55
Q

What is the fight or flight side of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

56
Q

Spinal nerves are mapped to what?

A

Dermatomes

57
Q

Name the four kinds of receptors and what they monitor.

A

Nociceptors - pain
Thermoreceptors - temperature
Chemoreceptors - chemical levels
Mechanoreceptors - touch, pressure, position

58
Q

What is vitreous humor?

A

Jellylike fluid that helps eyeballs keep shape. Does not come back.

59
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

Fluid filling the anterior cavity of the eye.

60
Q

What is in the right upper of the abdomen?

A

Liver, gallbladder, colon, small intestine

61
Q

What is in the left upper quadrant?

A

Stomach, spleen, colon, small intestine

62
Q

What is in the right lower quadrant?

A

Large intestine, ascending colon, appendix

63
Q

What is in the left lower quadrant?

A

Large intestine and descending colon

64
Q

What does the exocrine gland do?

A

Secretes onto a body’s surface

65
Q

What does the endocrine gland do?

A

Secretes into the bloodstream

66
Q

What percent of pancreatic function is endocrine?

67
Q

What are the four main enzymes produced by the pancreas in exocrine? And what do they break down?

A

Amylase - carbs
Lipase - fats
Protease - proteins
Nuclease - nucleus acids

68
Q

What do the islets of langerhans do?

A

They produce the 1% of pancreas output that is endocrine

69
Q

What are the types and percentages of endocrine output?

A

Beta - 75% insulin
Alpha - 20% glucagon
Delta - 5% somastatin

70
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Storable, broken down glucose that can be stores in liver

71
Q

What is glucagon?

A

It raises bgl through either glycogenolysis or glucogenolysis.

72
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Releases more glucose from the liver

73
Q

What is glucogenolysis?

A

Creating glucose from fats and proteins

74
Q

Name the three pieces of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunem, and ileum

75
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

It’s secretions control secretions of other endocrine glands

76
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Small region of the brain that controls the pituitary gland

77
Q

Name the 6 anterior pituitary gland hormones.

A 
Growth
Prolactin
Thyroid-stimulating
Adrenocorticotropic
Follicle-stimulating
Luteinizing
78
Q

Name the two posterior pituitary gland hormones.

A

Antidiuretic

Oxytocin

79
Q

What does the anti diuretic hormone do?

A

Water retention in kidneys
Vasoconstriction
Thirst

80
Q

What’s the thyroid gland do?

A

Controls basic metabolic rate in the body through release of t4 and t3

81
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

Hormone from thyroid that lowers blood calcium levels.

82
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Main glucocorticosteroid, has an anti inflammatory effect in the body, also an immune suppressant.

83
Q

What is the normal urine output for a male?

A

.5 ml/kg per hour

50 ml/hour avg.

Paramedic Class (12 decks)

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