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FBN > Basal ganglia > Flashcards

Basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

where is the basal ganglia derived?

A

Telencephalon, with the cortex

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2
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Group of subcortical nuclei, grey matter

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3
Q

Outline the basal ganglia

A

Subthalamic nuceli

Substantia niagra- pars compacta and pars reticulata

Corpus striatum- caudate nucleus and lentiform- putamen and globus pallidum

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4
Q

Name the 4 loops the basal ganglia is involved in

A

Motor- premotor cortex
Occulomotor
Cognitive
Limbic- cingulate cortex- emotion

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5
Q

Where does the corpus striatum receive info from?

A

Cortex

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6
Q

How does the basal ganglia feedback to the cortex?

A

Ventral lateral and ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus

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7
Q

Describe the position of the caudate and lentiform nucleus

A

Caudate- medial, follows lateral ventricle

Lentiform- lateral, wedge shaped

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8
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A

To refine movement

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9
Q

Name the three main neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine- excitatory
Glutamate- excitatory
GABA- inhibitory

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10
Q

Name the function of the direct pathway

and describe the pathway

A 
DRIVE MOVEMENT
Cortex
Striatum
Internus (GP)
Thalamus
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11
Q 
Name the function of the indirect pathway and describe it
Could 
stop
Get externus
Then 
Into 
Thalamus
A 
INHIBIT MOVEMENT
Cortex
Striatum
GP externa
subThalamic nuclei
GP Internus
Thalamus
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12
Q

Basal ganglia circuitry

A

Direct pathway- decide to move cortex sends glutamergic excitatory input to striatum. This sends GABA inhibitory input to the GP interna and substantia niagra which sends less GABA to the thalamus (inhibits inhibition), which sends glutamate to the cortex.

Indirect pathway- cortex sends glutamate to striatum, GABA to GP externa, inhibits inhibition of subthalamic nucleus, sends glutamate to GP internus and SNPR, activates inhibition of the thalamus.

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13
Q

How is dopamine involved in basal ganglia circuitry?

A

The substance nigra releases dopamine which bind to D1 receptors in the striatum to excite the direct pathway and D2 receptors to inhibit the indirect pathway

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14
Q

What are the 5 functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Synchronise activity between muscle groups
  2. Balance
  3. Co ordination
  4. Posture
  5. Smooth movement
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15
Q

What does the cerebellum not do?

A

Initiate movement

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16
Q

Where is the cerebellum derived from?

A

Metencephalon- hind brain

17
Q

What is cerebellar ataxia?

A

Ataxia- loss of control of movement
Symptoms- Slurred speech, bad posture, nystagmus (uncontrolled eye movement)
Causes- stroke, tumours, trauma

18
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Posterior to pons

Inferior to temporal and occipital lobes

19
Q

Name the three lobes of the cerebellum

A

Anterior lobe, posterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe
Ant and post sep by primary fissure
Post and flocculonodular sep by posterolateral fissure

20
Q

What is the function of the cerebellar peduncles?

A

Sup- connects to midbrain
Mid- pons
Inf- medulla

21
Q

List the three main components of the cerebellar cortex

A

Molecular- cont axons of gran, dendrites of purk
Purkinjie- major output, dendrites that fan out
Granular- granule cells, major input

22
Q

Describe the features of climbing fibres

A

1: 1
- Inferior olivary nucleus- on medulla
- lateral to pyramids
- 1 climbing fibre activates 1 purkinjie cell

23
Q

Describe the features of mossy fibres

A

1 mossy fibre activates 100s of granular cells
1 granular cell activates 1000s of Purkinjie cells
originate in SC and BS nuclei
form small processes- rosettes

both become demyelinated in the granular layer- grey matter

24
Q

List the 3 functional zones of the cerebellum

A

Spinocerebellum- vermis and intermediate zones
Vestibulocerebellum- flocculonodular lobe
Cerebrocerebellum- lateral hemispheres

25
Q

Name the input and function of the vestibulocerebellum

A

Input: Ipsilateral
Function: balance/eye movement

26
Q

Name the input and function of the spinocerebellum

A

Input: ipsilateral, from periphery
Function: proprioception, anticipate movement

27
Q

Name the input and function of the cerebrocerebellum

A

Input: contralateral from cortex
Function: plan movement, time action

28
Q

Describe the vestibulospinal tract

A

Vestibulocerebellem receives info from the vestibular nuclei via ICP, ICP send info to fastigial nucleus. Input from inner ear via CN8.

29
Q

Describe the reticulospinal tract

A

Fastigial nucleus sends info to reticular formation via ICP. Interposed nucleus sends info to reticular formation

30
Q

Describe the rubrospinal tract

A

Interposed nucleus sends info via SCP to the red nucleus. Dentate nucleus inputs from the cerebrocerebellum- rubrospinal tract
Dentate nucleus sends info to thalamus via SCP– cortex–pontine nucleus–MCP

FBN (31 decks)

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