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(Other) Board Prep > Barone HY > Flashcards

Barone HY Flashcards

1
Q

What is a richter transformation?

A

CLL –> large cell lymphoma

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2
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy causes what murmur?

Described how?

A

AR

Diastolic BLOWING murmur

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3
Q

Infarction of what artery causes Broca and Wernicke’s?

A

MCA

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6
Q

Main histo finding in PD?

A

Lewy bodies that have alpha-synuclein

It’s a sin to show your LEWD body

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7
Q

Aflatoxin causes mutations in what?

Can cause what cancer?

A

p53 at position 249

HCC

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9
Q

What are the nephrotic syndrome symptoms?

A

Protein > 3.5 g/day
Generalized edema
Hypercoaguable
Lipiduria - fatty casts (oval fat bodies)

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10
Q

What murmur has an opening snap?

Best heard how?

A

MS

Bell in left lateral decubitus position

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12
Q

Mutations in what gene for A1AT?

A

SERPINA1

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13
Q

What causes acute pyelonephritis?

A 
uti
VU reflux
Pregnancy 
Diabetics 
Males w/BPH
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14
Q

What is the following levels in PCOS for the following hormones?

LH
FSH
Androgen
Estrogen
Progesterone
A 
High
Low
High
High
Low
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16
Q

What stain in liver biopsy for Hemochromatosis?

Tx?

A

Prussian blue

Phlebotomy, Deferoxamine, Deferusirox

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17
Q

What are the nephrotic syndromes?

A

MM FAN

MCD
Membranous
FSGS
Amyloidosis
Nodular GS
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18
Q

B-ALL has what translocation w/good prognosis?

Bad prognosis?

A

T(12;21)

t(9;22)

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21
Q

What makes HOCM murmur quieter?

Why?

A

Squatting, lay down

Increases Venous return (preload) moves big septum out of way

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22
Q

Adenocarcinoma of bladder occurs where? Due to what?

A

Bladder dome, urachal remnant

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23
Q

If the entire is brain is ischemic, after 5 minutes where will you see red neurons in the brain?

A

Hippocampus in CA1

Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum

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24
Q

What brain structures degenerates the most in Wilson’s disease?

Mutation in what gene?

Inheritance?

A

Putamen and GP

ATP7B, ch. 13

AD

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26
Q

What bran problem shows a crescent shaped moon pattern and crosses suture lines?

Due to what?

A

Subdural hematoma

Ruptured of bridging veins

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27
Q

MC tumor of heart is what?

(+) for what?

A

Melanoma

HMB-45, S-100

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28
Q

Cresents in RPGN are made of what?

How does it affect GFR?

A

Fibrin, macrophages, podocytes

Decreases GFR

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31
Q

What HL has excellent prognosis and has popcorn cells?

What does it no have?

A

Lymphocyte-predom

R-S cells

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32
Q

Alport syndrome due to what mutation?

Sx?

EM shows what?

A

COL4A5 mutated (COLT45)

Hearing and vision defects w/kidney

basketweave appearance

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33
Q

Lesion to PICA causes what sx?

Called what?

A

Dysphagia, hoarseness, c/l los of pain/temp

Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome

Marky Mark Wallenberg has good LATS

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37
Q

What HL is MC, looks like cirrhosis of LN?

Prognosis?

RS cell has what?

A

Nodular sclerosis

Excellent

Clear space in cytoplasm (lacunar cell)

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38
Q

Goodpasture’s IF shows what? Where?

The antibody is against what?

A

linear IgG subepithelial

Collagen Type 4 alpha-3 subunit

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39
Q

What makes AS murmur louder?

Why??

A

Sitting to squatting, lay down

Increase Venous Return

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40
Q

What amoeba has cork scew motility?

A

Trichamonis vaginalis

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43
Q

What are the germ cell tumors?

A

Immature teratoma (dermoid cyst)
Dysgerminoma
Seminoma

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45
Q

Pegler-Huet cells seen in what?

Tx?

A

MDS

Lenalidomide

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46
Q

Wilms tumor is also called what?

What does the microscope show?

A

Nephroblastoma

Triphasic: metanephric blastema, stroma, epithelial elements (glomeruli and tubules)

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47
Q

What are pink, corkscrew-like eosinophilic structures in the brain called?

A

Rosenthal fibers

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49
Q

ALS has what mutated gene? Inheritance?

What accumulates in neurons that are dying?

Tx which prolongs life by 2-3 months?

A

SOD1, AD

TDP-43

Riluzole

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50
Q

What NHL has blasts in the blood that go to your skin, brain, gums and acts like a macrophage that goes to the tissues?

A

AML M5

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51
Q

Budd-Chiari manifests how? What PE finding?

Image with what?

Tx?

A

Congested nutmeg liver
RUQ pain, palpable liver, jaundice, SM

US

tPA

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52
Q

What ovarian tumor has a PTEN mutation?

A

Endometrioid

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53
Q

What does a wbc > 100,000 indicate?

LAP is what?

Major sx?

A

CML

Decreased

HUGE spleen

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54
Q

MVP murmur gets louder when?

Moves closer or further from S2?

Why?

A

Decreased Preload

Further (closer to S1)

Less blood it contracts more

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55
Q

Flexner-Wintersteiner seen in what tumor?

A

Retinoblastoma

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56
Q

Which vaccines are killed?

A 
RIP Always
Rabies
Influenza (Orthomyxovirius)
Polio (Salk)
HepA
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57
Q

What are Hirano bodies?
Made of what?

Seen in what disease?

A

Inclusion in dying neurons (made of actin)

AD

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60
Q

What tumor is CD99+?

Occurs in what part of the body?

Has what microscopic finding?

What tumor is basically the same but in your brain?

A

Ewing sarcoma

Diaphysis of long bones

Pseudo wright-rosettes

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor

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61
Q

What makes AS murmur quieter?

Why?

A

Sitting to standing, Valsalva

Decreases venous return (preload)

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62
Q

AML is (+) for what?

A

MPO

CD13, CD 33

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63
Q

How to treat PCOS in pt that wants to become pregnant?

A

Clomiphene (SERM), prevents (-) feedback inhibition resulting in increased LH and FSH

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64
Q

What are all the nephritic symptoms, think of the mneumonic

A

“i” –> interstate, you need to use a GPS (Goodpasture’s, PSGN) will see a crescent moon (RPGN) while driving so you stop to get a burger (Berger IgA). If you do not get good miles per gallon (MPGN) do not take the tram tracks. Drive to the airport (Alport’s) and watch the plane touch down on the X-marked spot (X-linked)

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65
Q

Medulloblastoma can cause what kind of hemorrhages?

What has best prognosis?

Bad?

A

Duret

Wnt

Spreads into CSF and SC –> drop metastases

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69
Q

Sx of Acute interstitial nephritis?

A

Fever, maculopapular rash, symptoms of renal failure

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70
Q

Wilson’s disease looks like what other diseases?

Copper deposits in what layer of eye?

Treatment? If allergic?

A

ADHD w/Parkinsonism

Descemet’s membrane

D-penicillamine, if allergic: Trientine

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71
Q

vCJD affects what pts?

In the CSF what will be elevated?

A

Young pt

14-3-3 protein

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73
Q

What murmur is located subaortic stenosis?

A

HOCM

AD

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75
Q

What is the MC cause of ATN?

Due to what?

A

Ischemic acute tubular necrosis

Hemorrhage, vasoconstriction, shock

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76
Q

What is unaffected in acute pyelonephritis?

Urine shows what?

A

Glomerulus

Pyuria and wbc casts

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79
Q

Bone marrow with blasts > 20% indicates what?

Between 1-20%?

A

Acute leukemia

Myelodysplasia (pre-leukemia)

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81
Q

What murmur has increased wide pulse pressure, head bobs with each beat of heart?

What else is seen?

A

AR

Water-hammer pulse, pistol shot bruit in femoral pulse

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85
Q

What are intracytoplasmic round pink eosinophilic inclusions that contain alpha synuclein?

A

Lewy bodies

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86
Q

Lewy Body Dementia presents what?

A

Has dementia and PD symptoms, also get VISUAL hallucinations of animals, people

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88
Q

Xanthochromia (yellow) CSF indicates what?

Why?

A

Bleed in brain

Bc of breakdown of rbc’s

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89
Q

Muddy brown casts indicate what?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

-ischemia or nephrotoxic injury

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92
Q

Myelofibrosis is due to what?

Sx?

What finding on peripheral blood smear?

A

Too much PDGF, too many megakaryocytes

Dry tap, enlarged spleen w/extramedullary hematopoiesis

Teardrop rbcs

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94
Q

Which HL has a strong (70%) association with EBV?

A

Mixed cellularity

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95
Q

How do you track HCC?

A

AFP

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98
Q

MVP murmur how to make it quieter?

Moves closer or further from S2?

Why?

A

Increase venous return

Closer to S2 (shorter and quieter)

More blood stretches it out

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100
Q

Ependymoma is tumor of what? Present how?

(+) for what?

Microscopic finding?

A

4th ventricle, in kids as obstructing hydrocephalus

GFAP

Perivascular pseudorosettes and true rosettes

102
Q

MVP seen in what?

A

FAME

Fragile X
ADPKD
Marfan
EDS

103
Q

Painless enlarging LNs that hurt while drinking indicates what?

A

HL

104
Q

What lymphoma is high grade and has sheets of tumor cells?

What other association does it have?

A

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

HHV-8

105
Q

What has fixed splitting of S2?

A

ASD

106
Q

ARPKD is due to a mutation in what protein?

What chromosome?

A

Fibrocystin

6

107
Q

What murmur is VERY loud with harsh thrill at left lower sternal border?

A

VSD

109
Q

What are the CD markers for Mantle cell lymphoma?

A

CD5, 19, 20(+)

CD23 (-)

110
Q

Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma has what gene mutation?

What major histo?

A

p53

Psammoma bodies

114
Q

What brain tumor associated with Tuberous Sclerosis?

Presents how?

What other findings?

A

Sub-ependymal giant cell astrocytoma

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

Rhabdomyoma, angiofibromas of face, ash-leaf patch, shagreen’s patches

116
Q

What kidney stones look like rectangular prisms or Coffin lids?

A

AMP aka struvite stones

117
Q

RS cells are what CD (+)?

A

15, 30

119
Q

What kidney stone is elongated, wedge-shaped and forms rosettes?

A

Calcium phosphate

120
Q

SLE class 4 has what special feature?

Deposits of what where?

A

Wire loops

Subendothelial IgG immune complexes

121
Q

What are the sex cord-strom tumors?

A

Fibroma –> Meigs syndrome
Granulosa cell tumor
Sertoli-Leydig Cell tumor

123
Q

Multiple myeloma sx?

Use mneumonic

A 
CRAB
HyperCalcemia
Renal Failure
Anemia
Bone
124
Q

What are the following lab values for the following in hemochromatosis?

Ferritin
Serum Fe
TIBC
% saturation

A

Inc
Inc
Dec
Inc

127
Q

Infarction of the PCA causes what?

What lobe?

A

Contralateral hemianopsia w/macular sparing

Occipital

129
Q

What makes HOCM murmur louder?

Why?

A

Sitting to standing
Valsalva

Decreases venous return

130
Q

Nephrotoxic Acute Tubular necrosis is bc of what?

A

Aminoglycosides, sulfa drugs, methicillin

Or crush injury resulting in myoglobinuria

131
Q

What HL is an old person w/poor prognosis?

A

Lymphocyte depleted

132
Q

RCC can invade where on the left?

A

Left gonadal vein causing bag of worms feeling, will not get better when lying down

134
Q

Menke’s disease inheritance?

Defective gene?

Need Cu as a cofactor for what?

What major sx?

A

X-linked

ATP7A, cannot ABSORB copper

Lysyl oxidase

Hypothermia bc need Cu for ETC –>ATP

136
Q

How to treat ATN w/hyperkalemia showing EKG changes?

To correct HyperK do what?

A

Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride

Insulin and glucose, beta 2 agonist, bicarbonate

141
Q

What kidney stone has yellow or red-brown diamond or rhombus shape?

A

Uric acid

142
Q

Parkinson Disease has what gene with what structures?

A

SNCA gene w/alpha-synuclein

143
Q

What is Tdt(+)?

What other (+) does it have which favors good prognosis?

A

ALL

B-ALL CD19+

145
Q

What is used to treat SLE?

What SE?

A

Hydroxychloroquine

Damage vision

146
Q

FSGS has what common feature?

Sx?

Who is at highest risk?

A

Lipoprotein L1

Puffy and swollen, low albumin, high cholesterol

AIDs pt –> collapsing form

147
Q

What fungus is very common in diabetics, especially when they are in ketoacidosis?

Affects what part of brain?

A

Mucor aka Rhizopus

Frontal lobe

148
Q

What organism has falling leaf motility?

A

Giardia

149
Q

Treatment for Wilson’s disease?

A

D-penicillamine

Wilson’s Dick

150
Q

What causes pigmented bilirubin stones?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

Ascending cholangitis from E coli, Ascaris, or Clnorchis sinensis

151
Q

What kidney stone is flat, yellow and hexagonal?

A

Cysteine stone

Ssssssix sides

152
Q

Wernicke’s is due to damage in what specific area?

A

Superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

153
Q

Oligodendroglioma is (+) for what?

Microscopy show what?

What has better prognosis?

A

GFAP

chicken wire, fried egg (perinuclear halos)

1q and 19q deletions

154
Q

What is the pathognomonic finding for chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Looks like thyroid tissue

Tubules are dilated and filled w/colloid

155
Q

Dry Tap, big spleen and pancytopenia = what?

(+) for what?

A

Hairy cell

CD11c, 19, 20, 103

158
Q

What is the presenting symptom of Goodpasture’s?

Tx?

A

Hemoptysis then smoky urine

Steroids, cyclophosphamide

160
Q

Who’s at risk for getting hepatocellular adenoma?

Presents how?

A

Young women who are on BCPs or pregnant
AND male bodybuilders on steroids

Abdominal pain

161
Q

What parasite goes to the intestine and liver?

Causes what?

Spine located where?

A

Schistosoma mansoni

Pipestem fibrosis

Lateral side

164
Q

Who is at risk to get HepE?

A

Pregnant women

People from developing countries (India)

165
Q

How do you treat M3 AML?

What translocation?

A

All trans retinoic acid

T(15; 17)
PML –> a-RAR on Zn finger

166
Q

If pt has multiple ring-enhancing lesions on CT and you treat them but they are not improving at all, what do they most likely what?

A

NHL –> diffuse B-cell large Lymphoma

167
Q

What murmur has diastolic blowing after S2?

A

AR

171
Q

Russel bodies w/Mott cell and IgA that makes flame cells seen in what?

Tx?

A

Multiple myeloma

Bortizomib

172
Q

Waxy casts seen in what?

A

Chronic glomerulonephritis

176
Q

What hepatitis has morphology of ground glass appearance of hepatocytes, fuzzy cytoplasm?

A

HepB

178
Q

What parasite can go to the bladder and cause squamous cell cancer?

Spine located where?

A

Schistosoma haemotobium

Tail

181
Q

Anti-microsomes antibodies seen in what?

A

Hashimoto’s

183
Q

What has a M spike to due IgM

A

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma –> Waldenstrom’s

184
Q

Lesions to anterior spinal artery causes what?

Called what?

A

C/L paralysis of UE and LE
I/L CN 12 dysfunction (tongue deviates toward dysfunctional side)

Medial medullary syndrome

185
Q

CML shows what major features?

A

Wbc > 100,000
INCREASED basophils
Biggest spleen ever

186
Q

What shows a spike and dome appearance?

Deposits located where?

Associated with what other disease?

A

Membranous

Subepithelial

HepB

187
Q

Degree of dementia in AD correlates to what?

Seen on what stain?

A

NF tangles aka flame figures

Silver stain

188
Q

M.S. HLA?

Treat w/what?

A

2 letters –> HLA-DR2

IFN-B, Natalizumab

189
Q

CLL has what (+) CDs?

What special finding?

A

5, 19, 20

Smudge cells

190
Q

What microscopic findings will you see in alcoholic hepatitis?

A

Mallory bodies (ubiquinated cytokeratin) and hepatocyte swelling

191
Q

What cancer is associated w/warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia which gives a + direct COOMBS test?

A

CLL

194
Q

Which kidney stones look like the back of an envelope?

How else is it described?

A

Calcium oxalate

Octahedron w/square X in center

195
Q

What RCC has a GOF in MET?

What type has the best prognosis? Stains how?

A

Papillary

Chromophobe, DARKLY

196
Q

What hepatitis has fatty cytoplasm and lymphoid aggregates and follicles?

A

HepC

197
Q

what is a neuroblastoma?
Makes what?

What mutation?

Presents how?

A

Mal tumor of adrenal medulla
Epi and NE

N-myc amplification

Myoclonus w/dancing eyes, bluberry muffin baby

198
Q

RCC due to a VHL mutation causes what type?

Microscopically has what pattern?

A

Clear cell (full of lipid and glycogen)

Alveolar growth

203
Q

Pilocytic Astrocytoma located where?

What microscopic finding?

Mutation in what?

Tx how?

A

Posterior fossa (cerebellum)

Rosenthal fibers

BRAF

Vermurafenib (Ser Thr kinase inhibitor)

204
Q

What HS is AIN?

What causes acute interstitial nephritis?

A

If Type 1 HS rxn, see eosinophils in urine, if not then Type 4

caused by methicillin and NSAIDs, other antibiotics

205
Q

What are the characteristics of PSGN in nephritic syndrome?

Elevated levels of what?

IF shows what?

Located where?

A

M12 serotype

ASO titers and DNase B

Granular deposits of IgG and complement

Subepithelial —> lumpy bumpy

207
Q

C3 deficiency with silver stain nephrotic syndrome is what?

A

MPGN

208
Q

What are the nephritic syndrome symptoms?

A

Hematuria (colo/tea-colored urine)
Periorbital edema
Azotemia and oliguria
New onset HTN

209
Q

What kidney stone is not viewable on xray?

A

Uric acid –> gout

211
Q

Lesion to AICA causes what?

Called what?

A

Facial droop same side
Loss of pain and temp c/l side

Lateral Pontine syndrome

214
Q

What are the sx of Acute tubular injury?

What type of casts are seen?

A

Oliguria and azotemia
Metabolic acidosis

Brown/muddy brown dirty casts

216
Q

Arnold chiari type 1 is what?

Type 2?

A

asymptomatic

Faulty craniospinal junction, no room, cerebellum grows downward and 4th ventricle is CRUSHED

219
Q

What is the main structure in the brain that is affected by AD?

A

Hippocampus, medial aspect of temporal lobe

223
Q

Subfalcine hernia compresses what?
What else?

Sx?

A

Cingulate gyrus
ACA

C/L LE weakness

224
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to what?

Where is the bleeding located?

A

Ruptured berry aneurysm aka saccular aneurysm (#1 branch points in Ant. Circle of Willis)

BASE of brain

226
Q

MGPN type 1 deposits where?

Type 2?

A

Subendothelial

BM shows Dense Deposits

230
Q

When a brain CT shows calcified frontal lobe mass presenting w/a seizure, what is dx?

A

Oligodendroglioma

Leggo my EGGgo w/Fried Chicken

231
Q

Rabies binds to ____ receptors and gets endocytosed into the nerve and travels ________ with this protein:

A

ACh
Retrograde
Dyenin

233
Q

What causes syringomyelia?

What structure is affected?

A

Dilated area in the spinal cord, mostly bc of Arnold Chiari

Spinothalamic tract (pain/temp)

236
Q

Arnold-chiari type 2 sx?

A

Obstructive NON-communicating hydrocephalus
Inc. ICP
HA

237
Q

GBM shows what microscopic finding?

What mutation has a good prognosis?

Overall what is the prognosis?

A

Pseudopalisading necrosis

IDH1

BAD

243
Q

Dandy-Walker is what?

Sx?

A

Missing cerebellum (roof of 4th ventricle), will have HUGE dilated 4th ventricle

Ataxia

My he’s DANDY waLker…NOT

253
Q

What is Charcot’s triad?

Reynaud’s pentad?

A

Biliary colic, jaundice, high fever

+ hypotension and mental status change

256
Q

AIDS pt dies w/scattered hemorrhages, think what?

If they are abscesses?

A

Aspergillus

Toxoplasmosis

257
Q

PBC causes granulomas that block bile ducts in liver called what?

A

Florid duct lesion

258
Q

Broca’s is due to damage of what specific area?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

259
Q

Eculizumab treats what?

MOA?

A

PNH

Knocks out C5

E is 5th letter of alphabet

260
Q

What causes macronodular cirrhosis? What size is it?

What causes micronodular?

A

Viral or Toxin, > 3mm

Alcohol, everything else

262
Q

Major causes of aseptic meningitis?

A

Enteroviruses:
Polio
Coxsackie A + B
Echovirus

275
Q

Hemochromatosis due to what gene mutation?
Due to what substitutions?

Liver stops making what?

What sx?

A

HFE, C282Y or N63D

Hepcidin

Arthritis, diabetes, bronzing, arrhythmia, hypogonadism

287
Q

Hyper-Vit A causes what sx?

A

Increased ICP

Pseudotumor

289
Q

What has a central stellate scar, you do not have to resect and is found incidentally on CT, not a cancer?

A

Focal nodular hyperplasia

(Other) Board Prep (19 decks)

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