Bandura, Ross and Ross 1961 Flashcards
this study had several hypotheses, what were they?
- children exposed to aggressive models would also produce aggressive acts and be more agressive than controls with no exposure.
- the observation of non-aggressive models would have an effect and they would be less agressive than controls.
- participants will imitate a model of the same sex to a greater degree than the opposite sex.
- males will be more aggressive as its a masculine-typed behaviour.
how many boys and girls were used in this study?
36 girls and 36 boys
where were the children from?
Stanford university nursery school
what was the age range of the children?
37-69 months
who acted as the role models?`
two adults - a male and a female
- a female experimenter conducted the study.
how many participants where there all together?
72
how many were in the control group?
24
how many participants were in the experimental conditions?
(48 in totals boys and girls)
8 conditions
6 participants in each
what experimental conditions were there/
- male participant with a male aggressive model
- male participant with a female aggressive model
- male participant with a male non-aggressive model
- male participant with a female non-aggressive model
(the same for female participants.)
what was the control group exposed to?
nothing. they had no exposure to a model
what design method was used in the experiment?
matched pairs, the participants were matched before hand on how aggressive they were at nursery - they were rated by an experimenter and one teacher.
what was the inter-rater reliability found?
.89
the experimental condition the child ptps is brought into the room, what happens after?
the experimenter invites the allocated model to come and play and tells the child to play with the potato prints and sticker pictures whilst the model is told to go on the other side of the room where the bobo doll is.
in the non-agressive conditions what does the model do differently to the aggressive condition?
he/she ignores the doll and plays with the tinker dolls
how long does the experimenter leave the room for whilst the model and kid play with the toys?
10 mins
what happens in the agressive condition?
the model plays eith the tinker toys for one min and then lays the Bobo doll on its side, sits on it and punches it in the nose - he strikes it with a mallet and kicks it.
what verbal agression is presented by the aggressive model?
“sock him in the nose”
“kick him”
“pow” etc…
what happened after the partcipants viewed or did not view the model depending on the condition?
they were taken to another room and exposed to mild aggressive arousal
how did the experimenter expose the children to mild aggressive arousal?
they sent the kids to a room with attractive toys such as a fire engine and colourful spinning top - they were allowed to play but once they were sufficiently engaged in the toys they experimenter took the toys away from them and said we should save these for the other children,
what happened after the ptps were denied access to the “attractive toys”?
they were brought back to the other room where they were allowed to play with the toys in there and the experimenter remained in the room but avoided interaction.
what toys did the new room contain?
dart gun, mallet, tea-set, crayons, bears and trucks.
how long did every participant spend in the new room?
20 mins
how was their behaviour observed?
through a one-way mirror, and it was rated against predetermined categories in `5 second intervals
who were participants scored by?
a male model who only rated the children who he didn’t model for and independently by another observer
what inter-observer reliability was found?
0.90
how many of the participants displayed the models novel behaviour in the aggressive condition?
all but 2
what were the results for a female ptps with a female aggressive and non-aggressive model?
F/F model Aggressive = 5.5.
F/F model non-aggressive = 2.5
control = 1.2
what were the results for male ptps with a males aggressive and non-aggressive model?
M/M model aggressive = 25.8
M/M model non-aggressive = 1.5
control = 2.0
how was the study reliable?
- two judges were used to independently rate the children and then checked to make sure they agreed on what they saw and inter-observer reliability was 0.90
what is an example of where control were used with care?
- they took care to get the children all in the same emotional state before the observation
- set up measurable acts that could be recorded.
why was the study criticised on ethical grounds?
- the researchers do not explain in any detail how consent was obtained for the study
- children observed an adult being aggressive and copied that behaviour
- parents are not mentioned in the study and therefore they may not of given consent.
how may the study lack generalisability?
- because it used 37-69 month olds which means the results are not representative of older people.
