Balance

Question 1

Postural control

Answer 1

Controlling body position for stability and orientation

Question 2

Postural orientation

Answer 2

Maintain relationship between segment and body and
Environment

Question 3

Posture stability (balance)

Answer 3

Control COM in relationship to BOS with balanced forces

Question 4

Center of mass

Answer 4

Center of the body mass, average of body segments

Question 5

Center of mass on Adults

Answer 5

S2

Question 6

Center of gravity

Answer 6

Vertical projection of COM, changes with environment

Question 7

Center of pressure

Answer 7

Center distribution of total force, sum of all forces on the floor

Question 8

Base of support

Answer 8

Body part in contact with support surface, usually feet

Question 9

Vertical line of body alignment: Standing

Answer 9

Mastoid process, anterior to shoulders, hip joints, anterior to knee joints, anterior to ankle joints

Question 10

Muscle tone

Answer 10

Force to which a muscle resists being lengthened

Question 11

Postural tone

Answer 11

Increase in activity of postural muscles, requires sensory input from multiple systems

-gastroc, tib ant, glut med, tfl, ilipsoas, errectors

Question 12

Balance Considerations

Answer 12

Vision, vestibular, and proprioception

Question 13

3 Types of Postural Control

Answer 13

Automatic (Steady state), reactive, proactive/anticipatory

Question 14

Ankle strategy

Answer 14

Small perturbation, reactive balance training
-rotation around ankle joint

Post Displacement:
-dorsiflexors, quads, abs

Ant Displacement:
-plantarflexors, gastroc, hamstring, errectors

Question 15

Hip Strategy

Answer 15

Larger, faster perturbation, ankle motion limited

Post Displacement:
-quads, abs

Ant Displacement:
-hamstring, errectors

Question 16

Stepping Strategy

Answer 16

Largest, fastest

Question 17

Reach strategy

Answer 17

Arms engage, similar to stepping strategy

Question 18

Normal Postural Sway

Answer 18

Ant/Pst: 12deg
Lateral: 16deg

Question 19

MSK Components of Balance

Answer 19

-joint ROM, spine flexibility, muscle tone, segmental mmt

Question 20

Neuro Components of Balance

Answer 20

-sensory processes
-hihger level integration
-Neuromuscular

Question 21

Vertical line of body alignment: Sitting

Answer 21

-head balanced on level shoulders
-upper body erect
-shoulders over hips
-deett and knees apart

Question 22

Semicircular Canals

Answer 22

-angular acceleration
-sensitive to fast movements
-slips, falls, trips, gait

Question 23

Otolith Organs

Answer 23

-linear position and acceleration
-head in space
-respond to slow head movements

Question 24

Causes of Balance Impairments

Answer 24

-injury to inner ear, SC, peripheral receptors, cerebellum, basal ganglia, proprioceptors, MSK
-lesions to neuro

Question 25

Spatiotemporal Compensations

Answer 25

Change BOS: -widen, shuffling feet, shifting onto stronger leg Restriction of mmt: -stiffening, moving slowly -Standing Reaching forward: flx hips instead of DF ankles -Standing Reaching sideways: flex trunk instead of lat moving hips -Sitting Reaching Sideways: flexing forward and not to side -In standing: not ttaking step when needed Using hands for support -holding onto things

Question 26

Balance Guidelines

Answer 26

-cannot be trained in isolation -stand/sitt, static/dynamic -double/single limb -postural adjustments are action specific -should progress -include external cues that require stepping Safety: -gait belt -stand behind and to the side -near railing, no sharp edges -check equipment -clean floor

Question 27

Balance Training: Mode

Answer 27

-weight shift w/ increasing sway -speed -surface challenges -weight distribution on chairs (balls and leaning)

Question 28

Balance Training: Postural Training

Answer 28

-awareness of posture -modified position -increase varietty of BOS and arm positions -unstable sessions -visual cues and mirros -static and dynamic posture -Change environment

Question 29

Balance Training: Movements

Answer 29

-movment patterns (PNF) -trunk rotations -head movements -stepping

Question 30

Balance Training: Progression

Answer 30

-BOS: wide to narrow -Posture: stable to unstable -Visual: closing -COG: distrupitions -Unable surfaces -environments -REPETITION

Question 31

Balance PNF Techniques

Answer 31

Stability: -rhythmic stabilization -alternating isometrics Enhance Dynamic Balance: -Isotonic contractions -Slow and quick reversals