Bad Character - Defendant Flashcards

1
Q

How many gateways for admissibility of D bad character evidence?

A

7

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2
Q

What is a mnemonic that helps to memorise the gateways for admission of bad character evidence?

A

A – Agreement
B – Blurts it out
C – Context
D – Done it before
E – ‘E did it
F – False impression
G – Gets at the witness

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3
Q

What is gateway A for admission of bad character evidence?

A

Agreement of the parties – no formal application needed

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4
Q

What is gateway B for admission of bad character evidence?

A

Evidence adduced by D himself about himself

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5
Q

Why would D wish to bring in bad character evidence about himself?

A
  • Come clean about old conviction
  • Show D never convicted of an offence of that type
  • Put forward defence to show D was in prison at time
  • To show why officers have bias against D
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6
Q

Is leave of the court required for D to bring in bad character evidence about himself?

A

No

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7
Q

What is gateway C for admission of bad character evidence?

A

It is important explanatory evidence

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8
Q

When is bad character evidence considered important explanatory evidence?

A

A) Without it, court would find impossible to understand other evidence in case, and
B) Its value for understanding case as a whole is substantial

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9
Q

Is leave of the court required to admit bad character evidence via important explanatory?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What is gateway D for admission of bad character evidence?

A
  • D propensity to commit offences?
  • D propensity to be untruthful?
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11
Q

When can bad character evidence show propensity to commit offences of same kind?

A
  • If previous offence of same description, or
  • Same category
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12
Q

When could Gateway D not be admitted for bad character evidence?

A

If there has been a long reason of time from conviction which would make it unjust

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13
Q

What questions must the court ask when asked to admit bad character evidence to show propensity?

A
  • Does D’s history establish propensity to commit offences of the kind charged?
  • Does propensity make it more likely that D committed the offence?
  • Where previous offences of same description, would it be unjust to rely on them?
  • In any event, would proceedings be unfair if evidence were to be admitted?
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14
Q

When would the court not admit propensity evidence in relation to prosecution’s case?

A

If the prosecution case is weak generally

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15
Q

When could a propensity to be untruthful be shown?

A

1) Plea of not guilty – D gave evidence at trial which jury must have disbelieved
2) An untruthful offence – e.g. fraud by false representation

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16
Q

Is dishonesty and untruthful the same?

A

No – burglary can be dishonest. Fraud by false representation is more untruthful.

17
Q

What is the rule of cross-admissibility on bad character evidence?

A

A gateway is required for each charge if a D faces multiple charges in the same proceedings

18
Q

Is leave required to admit evidence through the propensity gateway for bad character?

19
Q

What is gateway E for admission of bad character evidence?

A

Evidence of co-defendant’s propensity to be untruthful

20
Q

When is evidence of co-defendant’s propensity to be untruthful admissible?

A

Where the nature of the defence is such as to undermine the D of the Co-D that seeks to adduce the evidence

21
Q

Is leave of the court required for gateway E?

22
Q

What is gateway F for admission of bad character evidence?

A

Correcting a false impression given by the D or D’s witness

23
Q

Which false impressions of the D is captured in gateway F?

A
  • Any made during proceedings
  • Any under caution, before charge, about the offence
24
Q

When would a D be able to avoid bad character admission in relation to gateway F?

A

If he withdraws or disassociates from the false impression

25
Q

Give an example of gateway F of a D in a police interview

A

D says “I have never acted dishonestly” – prosecution adduces evidence of what is said in interview as part of prosecution case (i.e. previous convictions for offences of dishonesty)

26
Q

Is leave of the court required for gateway F regarding bad character evidence?

27
Q

What is gateway G for admission of bad character evidence?

A

When D makes an attack on another person’s character

28
Q

What does attacking another person’s character mean in terms of bad character evidence?

A

Saying another:
- Has committed an offence
- Has behaved, or disposed to behave, in a reprehensible way

29
Q

What type of bad character evidence does gateway G allowed to be admitted?

A

Evidence of dishonesty, not just propensity to be untruthful

30
Q

What is the purpose of gateway G for bad character evidence?

A

Prosecution evidence to show that what is being said about the witness is not true

31
Q

Is leave of the court required for gateway G regarding bad character evidence?

32
Q

What test in CJA 2003 applies to gateway G?

A

The fairness test

33
Q

What directions are given to jury regarding bad character evidence?

A
  • They must appropriate weight on the evidence
  • Not to place too much reliance
  • This evidence cannot be used to bolster a weak case