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Bacteriology/Mycology > Bacteriology Midterm > Flashcards

Bacteriology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Listeriosis in Ruminants

A
  1. CNS infection
    - meningoencephalitis (adult) and meningitis (calves)
    - common in winter or early spring via silage
    - circling disease, facial paralysis, prolapse of tongue
  2. Abortion
    - placentitis
    - abortion in the late term
  3. Septicemia
    - visceral listeriosis
    - more common in young and monogastrics
    - lesions
  4. Mastitis
    - suppurative infection
    - listeria in milk
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2
Q

Actinomyces, Nocardia and Dermatophilus

A
  • gram positive
  • slow growing
  • non-spore forming
  • causes pyogranulomatous lesions
    1. Actinomyces are commensal organisms
    2. Nocardia are all soil-borne
    3. Dermatophilus are all obligate parasites
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3
Q

Brucella abortus in cows

A
  • source of infection is infected or carrier animals
  • milk and milk products
  • ingestion
  • venereal transmission
  • milk from infected cows for calves
  • occupational disease for vets and slaughter house workers
  • cause disease in humans via accidental exposure (needle stick)
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4
Q

Neorickettsia risticii

A
  • potomac fever in horses (PHF)
  • ingestion of insect stage of trematode
  • horse is the accidental and dead end host of bacterium
  • Fever, anorexia, depression, diarrhea, leucopenia, colic signs
  • snail intermediate host, insect intermediate host and bat is a definitive host
  • infects equine monocytes, macrophages and intestinal epithelium
  • US, Canada, SA, Europe, Australia
  • > May-September in US
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5
Q

Bordatella bronchiseptica

A
  1. Dogs - acute tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
  2. Pigs - atrophic rhinitis (B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida)
  3. Cats - Tracheobrontitis, conjunctivitis and pneumonia
  4. Rabbits - snuffles
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6
Q

Erlichia chaffeensis

A
  • human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME)
  • dogs and other vertebrates (white tail deer, coyotes, goats)
  • monocytes and macrophages
  • fever, headache and muscle pain
  • thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and CNS involvement
  • treatment with doxycycline and rifampin
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7
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Rhodococcus equi

A
  • diagnose via bacterial culture (transtracheal aspirate)
  • antibiotics = Erythromycin for over 4 weeks
  • prophylactic treatment -> penicillin G to newborn foals
  • hyperimmune serum (from dam) to foal at 2-3 weeks of age (plasma therapy)
  • vaccine efficacy is unclear
  • > administered to pregnant mares
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8
Q

Neorickettsia helminthoeca

A
  • salmon poisoning disease
  • trematode, or parasitic worm/fluke
  • snail and fish intermediate host
  • > Ex: canids (dog/coyote) eat fish and get it
  • USA
  • affects monocytes, macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells
  • SPD >90% fatal if not treated
  • death in 6-10 days
  • not considered zoonotic
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9
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Mycoplasma

A
  1. Physical exam
  2. Mycoplasma culture - fried egg
    - tetracyline effective
    - vaccines:
    - bacterins live for poultry (M. gallisepticum)
    - admit only SPF animals in disease free herds/flocks
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10
Q

Anaplasmosis phagocytophilum

A
  • Granulocytic anaplasmoses of multiple species
  • wide host range
  • infects neutrophils
  • spreads by ticks (Ixodes)
  • reservoir is white footed mouse (US), small mammals and deer
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11
Q

Malassezia pachydermatis

A
  • causes otitis externa(ear infection) in dogs
  • chronic dermatitis(alopecia/ pruritis/erythema) and elephant-like skin
  • flea allergy/genetic factors can cause
  • Ketoconazole is best for treatment
  • bottle/peanut/footprint shaped on gram stain
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12
Q

Coccidides immitis

A
  • “valley fever” -> humans
  • soil/dustborne
  • DOGS
  • inhaling infective arthospores
  • no dog to man transmission
  • dyspnea, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, seizures
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13
Q

Candida albicans

A
  • also called Moniliasis/Thrush
  • commensal of the alimentary tract
  • pathogenesis: pseudomembranous ulcerative inflammation
    1. Enteritis in young animals on prolonged antibacterial therapy
    2. Mycotic stomatitis, genital candidiasis in dogs/cats
    3. Crop mycosis/Thrush in poultry
    4. Metritis/vaginitis in horses
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14
Q

Lumpy jaw

A
  • a classic mandibular lesion of suppurative and proliferative osteomyelitis in a cow caused by actinomyces bovis
  • > “honeycomb” effect caused by the bacteria dissolving the bone and the bone trying to repair itself
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15
Q

Bartonella henselae

A
  • infects cats
  • No signs
  • cat scratch disease/bartonellosis in humans
  • > transmit disease to human if scratch
  • cat fleas are the vectors
  • immunoflourescence test to test cat erythrocytes
  • 20% of US cats are carriers
  • test blood by culture
  • antibody detection unreliable
  • enrofloxacin/doxycycline may be used to clear infection
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16
Q

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

A
  • chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens
  • > nasal discharge, tracheal rales, coughing
  • infectious sinusitis (IS) in turkeys
  • > swelling of paranasal sinuses, mild conjunctivitis, dec growth and egg production
  • Treat with tetracyclines, dip eggs in tylosin
  • vaccines are available with varying efficacy, partial protection
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17
Q

Why treat Wobachia bacterium?

A
  1. Doxycline treatment results in Wobachia death
    - hinders nematodes
    - easier to kill
    - helps prevent transmission to uninfected mosquitos
  2. Mosquito population control
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18
Q

Dermatophytes

A
  • causes dermatomycosis or “ringworm”

- > alopecia, lesions, crusts and erythema

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19
Q

Mycoplasma haemofelis

A
  • haemobartonella felis
  • feline infectious anemia
  • contagious disease especially in flea infested free-roaming cats under 3 years of age
  • especially in males and stray cats
  • pale gums
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20
Q

Brucellosis in humans

A
  • B. melitensis causes the most serious infection
  • also called Malta fever or Undulant fever
  • source of infection is unpasteurized milk or cheese from unpasteurized milk
  • occupational disease
  • chronic fatigue syndrome
  • antibiotics such as doxycycline plus streptomycin or rifampicin
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21
Q

Brucella melitensis

A
  • most common in goats
  • abortion
  • orchitis
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22
Q

Nocardia asteroids

A
  • gram positive
  • chronic progressive disease
  • > cutaneous pulmonary and disseminated forms
  • sporadic infections in cattle, dogs, cats, horses and humans
  • signs are Bovine mastitis
  • control by culling
  • no effective treatment
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23
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Heartwater disease

A
  1. Physical Exam
    - death usually occurs within 1 week
  2. Necropsy
    - edema and fluid around heart, lungs, brain
  3. History
  4. Serology - ELISA, PCR
    - can treat early stages with tetracycline
    - tick control
    - vaccines in endemic regions
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24
Q

Spirochetes

A
  • agents of lyme disease, leptospirosis, swine dysentery, relapsing fever and syphilis
  • extracellular organisms
  • axial filaments
    1. Spirochaetaceae
  • Borrelia = vector borne (tick and lice)
    2. Leptospiraceae
  • Leptospira = hooked end, pathogenic and free living
    A. Leptospira interrogans (pathogenic)
    B. Leptospira biflexa (non-pathogenic)
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25
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis

A
  • DOG
  • soil borne
  • aerosol inhalation -> granulomatous lesions in lungs -> respiratory distress
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26
Q

Alflatoxicoses

A
  • mainly in cattle and poultry
  • Aspergillus flavus and A. Parasiticus on soybean, corn
  • bloody diarrhea, decreased feed efficiency and rough coat
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27
Q

Dimorphic Fungi

A
  • spores from mycelia may cause infection in the respiratory tract
  • yeast phase in animal
  • mycelial phase in environment
    1. Blastomycosis
    2. Histoplasmosis
    3. Coccidiodomycosis
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28
Q

Moraxella Bovis

A
  • affects cattle under 2 years old
  • infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)
  • > “pink eye”
  • highly contagious
  • economic loss
  • transmitted via eye surface through direct contact (flies)
  • corneal damage/ulceration
  • > severe damage can lead to panophthalmitis (inflammation of all eye parts) and permanent blindness
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29
Q

Diagnoses of Bordatella bronchiseptica

A
  1. Predisposing factors
    - dogs in a kennel
    - turkeys/pigs housed in crowded conditions with poor ventilation
    - mixing of piglets at weaning
    - other bacteria presence
  2. Physical Exam
    - upper respiratory sings
    - distorted snout in pigs
    - coryza
    - severe respiratory signs in kittens
  3. Culture
  4. Biochemical testing
  5. PCR
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30
Q

Pithomyces chartarum

A
  • facial eczema
  • > lesions of photosensitization in sheep
  • > udder moist dermatitis and hyperemia
  • > extensive skin slough
  • > extensive photodermatitis in calves chest wall
  • cattle, sheep and alpacas
  • Control by placing the animal in a shaded area
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31
Q

Anaplasma platys

A
  • Canine anaplasmosis in platelets (Cyclic thrombocytopenia)
  • infects canine platelets
  • transmitted by ticks
  • co-infections with Ehrlichia canis
  • normally asymptomatic
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32
Q

Chlamydiosis Psittacosis

A
  1. C. psitacci - disease in humans (“Parrot fever”)
  2. C. abortus - enzoonotic abortion of ewes
    - vaccine shown to reduce abortions
  3. C. caviae - guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis
    - diagnose via culture in embryonated chicken eggs or cell culture
    - treat with tetracycline
    - vaccine for C. felis, but concern regarding efficacy
    - common cause of conjuncitivitis in cats
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33
Q

Mycoplasma hyosynoviae

A
  • polyarthritis in pigs 10-30 weeks
  • culture ID
  • prevent by early weaning and tylosin in feed
  • no commercial vaccines
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34
Q

Treatment of Corynebacterium renale, pilosum and cystitidis

A
  • antibiotics (penicillin)
  • Posthitis
  • > reduce protein in diet and antibacterial ointment/spray
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35
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A
  • PCR confirmation in bacteriologic culture
  • treat with antibiotics (penicillin), but not very effective
  • vaccine available commercially
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36
Q

Mycoplasma haemocanis

A
  • infectious anemia of splenectomized, or immunocompromised dogs
  • haemobartonella canis
  • tick transmission
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37
Q

Atrophic Rhinitis

A
  • swine (B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida)
  • Lesions at 1-8 weeks
  • nonprogressive form: due to Bordatella bronchiseptica
  • progressive form: due to toxigenic Pasteurella multocida
  • lysis of turbinate bones and eventual loss, deviation of nasal septum
  • > growth rates in young pigs adversely affected
  • occasionally pneumonia
  • nose bleeds, sneezing and coughs
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38
Q

Ketoconazole

A
  • also named Nizoral
  • broad spectrum
  • > used for a variety of fungal infections
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39
Q

Rhodococcus equi

A
  • mucoid pale pink (salmon pink) colonies on blood agar
  • pneumonia (abscess in lungs) and mesenteric Lymphadenitis arthritis in foals (btw 4-12 weeks of age)
  • > mortality is very high
  • soil borne infection and present in feces
  • > get via inhalation of dust
  • found in intestines of horses
  • pathogenic to animals
  • gram positive
  • non-spore forming
  • coccoid, OR short/pleomorphic rods
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40
Q

Diagnoses of Histoplasma capsulatum

A
  1. Histopath
  2. Buffy coat smear
  3. Serology
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41
Q

Mycoplasma synoviae

A
  • infectious synovitis in poultry
  • arthritis
  • tetracycline in feed
  • develop SPF in flocks
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42
Q

Actinomyces suis

A
  • inhabits the prepuce and vagina
  • urinary tract infections
  • > cystitis (bladder) and pyelonephritis (kidney)
  • typical in older SWINE
  • anorexia, pus/blood in urine with foul odor, high mortality
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43
Q

Erythritol

A
  • growth factor for Brucella

- present in placenta and testicle

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44
Q

Griseofulvin

A
  • Narrow spectrum

- given orally for ring worm infection only

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45
Q

How to diagnose Aspergillosis?

A
  1. 10% KOH wet mounts of deep scrapings
  2. Culture on Sabouraud agar
    - can declare no growth only after 14 days post culture
  3. Wet mount using lactophenol cotton blue
    - for typical conidial spore heads
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46
Q

Treatment for Canine Nocardiosis

A
  • Trimethoprim-sulfa, or tetracyclines

- penicillin is NOT effective

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47
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Rickettsia rickettsii

A
  1. History
  2. Physical exam findings - fever, rash, petechiae
    LAB tests
  3. Serology (IFA, IHC)
  4. PCR- biopsy (highly confirmatory)
    - requires a BSL-3 facility
    - treat with doxycycline within first 5 days
    - tick prevention     is key
    - no vaccines
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48
Q

Diagnoses of Blastomyces dermatitidis

A
  1. Wet mount

2. Culture at 25’C will show mycelial form

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49
Q

Diagnoses of Moxarella Bovis

A
  1. History
    - younger animals under 2 are more effected
  2. Physical exam
    - rupture of cornea, conjunctivitis
  3. IBKC - photophobia, epiphora, keratitis and conjunctivitis
  4. PCR
  5. Fluorescein dye to detect corneal ulcers
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50
Q

Mycoplasma cynos

A
  • associated with kennel cough
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51
Q

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

A
  • swine
  • enzootic pneumonia
  • poor ventilation and overcrowding precipitate
  • FA on sample culture
  • treatment Tylosin
  • vaccines have poor protection
  • prevent by development of SPF herds
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52
Q

Amphotericin B

A
  • last choice to treat fungal infections bc toxic

- SYSTEMIC infections only

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53
Q

Family Rickettsiaceae

A
  • infections in dogs and humans
  • rodents are reservoirs for infections
  • transmitted by ticks, lice and fleas
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54
Q

Liver Abscesses in Cattle

A
  • caused by T. pyogenes
  • second most common etiological agent
  • source is the ruminal wall
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55
Q

What are fungi resistant to?

A
  • antibiotics such as penicillin
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56
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Listeriosis

A
  1. history such as silage feeding
  2. neurological clinical signs
  3. perivascular cuffing lesions
  4. cultural examination
    - cattle and sheep are not treated
    - humans with penicillin and gentamicin
    - control by not feeding spoiled silage
    - vaccine only used in Europe and Australia
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57
Q

Relapsing Fever Borreliosis

A
  1. Tick-borne relapsing fever
    - B. hermsii, B. turicatae, and B. parkeri
    - soft tick, or Ornithodoros
  2. Louse-born relapsing fever
    - epidemic in crowding places
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58
Q

How to control aspergillosis?

A
  1. Litter change in poultry

2. Avoid bad hay or silage in cattle

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59
Q

Canine Tracheobronchitis

A
  • kennel cough caused by Bordatella bronchiseptica
  • inflammation of the trachea and bronchi
  • secondary to viral infections
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60
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Neorickettsia helminthoeca

A
  1. History
  2. Trematode eggs in feces*
  3. Serology - PCR
    - treat with tetracyclines (doxycycline) for bacteria
    - treat with Fenbendazole for trematodes
    - no vaccine
    - no raw/undercooked/smoked fish should be fed to dogs
    - > ex: trout
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61
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of spirochetes

A
  1. clinical symptoms with patient history
  2. Microscopy
  3. antibody tests
  4. PCR
    - tetracyclines are most common
    - penicillin for syphilis
    - erythromycin
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62
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment for Neorickettsia risticii

A
  1. Clinical Signs
  2. History/Location
  3. Response to tetracycline
    - if responds immediately = PHF, but if does not it is Salmonella
  4. IFA and PCR
    - treat with tetracycline
    - vaccinations are available, but can still get it
    - insect control bc they are intermediary
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63
Q

Zygomycosis

A
  • Mycotic abortions
  • inhalation/ingestion
  • Treat with Amphotericin B
  • > prognosis is poor
64
Q

Ehrlichia canis

A
  • canine monocytrotropic ehrlichiosis (CME)/Canine hemorrhagic fever
  • target host is dogs
  • target host cells are monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes
  • Reservoir host is multiple
  • worldwide
  • clinical sign is hemmorage
  • Acute, subclinical and chronic
65
Q

Neorickettsia

A
  • transmitted by trematodes
  • > parasitic worms (flukes)
  • gram negative
  • host diseases
    1. N. helminthoeca
  • salmon-poisoning disease
    2. N. risticii
  • Potomac Horse Fever
66
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of CME

A
  1. History
  2. Bleeding from nose (epistaxis)
  3. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet and bleeding)
  4. Serology - SNAP 4Dx plus
    - > could have Ehrlichia spp cross reaction
  5. PCR = whole blood
    - treat with tetracyclines (doxycycline)
    - tick control*
67
Q

Brucella

A
  • zoonotic pathogen
  • “brucellosis”
  • infections of the reproductive organs
  • cause abortions
  • any brucella species can infect any animal species
  • all except ovis and neotomae infect humans
  • B. abortus, B. suis, and B. melitensis are called Classical Brucella
  • listed as potential bio-weapons because highly infectious
  • B. abortus and B. melitensis are highly virulent
  • transmission is oral or venereal
68
Q

Actinomyces bovis

A
  • commensal of oral cavity in CATTLE
  • trauma of oral mucosa
  • > localized osteomyelitis (“lumpy jaw”)
69
Q

Trueperella pyogenes

A
  • pus forming
  • found in muscles of respiratory, GI and genital tracts
  • most common opportunist pathogen!
    1. Abscesses in all animals
  • mostly cattle, sheep, goats and swine
    2 Summer mastitis in cows/heifers
    3. Liver abscesses in cattle
    4. Septic arthritis in swine
70
Q

Mycoplasma meleagridis

A
  • turkey pathogen
  • egg transmitted
  • reduce hatachability
  • lameness
  • culture, confirm by FA
  • serology - plate agglutination test
  • Tiamulin in water for the first 10 days of life
  • NO vaccines
71
Q

Enilconazole

A
  • solution/spray against ringworm fungi and spores
72
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • Listeriosis
  • more pathogenic
  • CNS infection
  • animal and humans
  • grow 3-45 Celsius degrees (refrigerator temperature)
  • hardy and persistent
  • silage with pH more than 5 is the most common source in dairy cattle
  • circling disease, abortion, stillbirth, meningitis
73
Q

Diagnose and Treatment for brucellosis in dogs

A
  1. Cultural or PCR exam
  2. Necropsy on lymph nodes and spleen
  3. serology - agglutination test
    - treat with tetracyclines or gentaminicin (long term)
    - > not recommended for breeding dogs
    - NO vaccine available
74
Q

Diagnoses of Coccidides immitis

A
  1. Serology
  2. DTH to coccidoidin
  3. Skin test
  4. Histopath
75
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii clinical signs in Dogs

A
  • loss of appetite, fever, depression and edema
  • petechiae on oral mucosa
  • testicular inflammation
76
Q

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

A
  • caused by Mycoplasma mycoides
  • respiratory distress and lung congested
  • exotic to north america
  • diagnose with Latex agglutination tests
  • vaccines (live) in endemic areas not in the US or canada
77
Q

Nocardia in Dogs and Cats

A
  • causes lesions
  • severe halitosis (bad breath), gingivitis and ulceration of oral cavity in dogs
  • 3 forms in dogs (canine nocardiosis)
    1. Cutaneous form
  • indolent ulcer that is slow to heal
  • granulomatous swelling with discharging fistulous tracts
    2. Respiratory form
    3. Disseminated form
78
Q

Summer Mastitis

A
  • caused by T. pyogenes in cows/heifers
  • common during fly season
  • > fly bites provide a portal of entry
  • thick purulent secretions
  • entry through teat canal
79
Q

Arcanobacterium

A
  • gram positive pleomorphic rods
  • non-spore forming and non-motile
    1. T. pyogenes
80
Q

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)

A
  • exotic in the US and canada
  • goats of all ages
  • incubation about 10 days
  • extended neck
  • hepatized lung, pleural fluid and fibrin granular lung (“granular liver-like”)
  • no thickening of interlobular tissue unlike CBPP
81
Q

Avian Borreliosis

A
  • foul spirochetosis
  • B anserina transmitted by a foul tick
  • severe hemolytic disease
82
Q

Bordatella Species

A
  • gram negative
  • commensal in the upper respiratory tract
  • cultured on blood and MacConkey agars
  • virulence due to hemagglutination, presence of attachment pili and production of toxins
  • carrier from carriers to naive, young animals
    1. B. bronchiseptica
    2. B. avium
83
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A
  • soil with bat/bird excreta
  • DOGS
  • infect via inhalation -> granulomatous lesions in lungs and intestine issues
  • disseminated form has a poor prognosis
84
Q

What are the main dermatophytes?

A
  1. Microsporum species
    - M. canis -> cats/dogs (spindle shaped)
    - M. gypseum -> rodents/dogs/horses (boat shaped)
    - M. nanum -> pigs
  2. Trichophyton species
    - T. mentagrophytes -> dogs/horses/cats (cigar shaped)
    - T. verrucosum -> cattle (vaccine against it exists)
    - T. equinum -> horses
85
Q

Septic arthritis in Swine

A
  • caused by T. pyogenes
  • appears after farrowing
  • source of infection is probably the uterus
86
Q

Prevention/Control of Bordatella bronchiseptica

A
  • prevent by improving farm/kennel management/biosecurity
  • Vaccines
    1. Dogs
  • live intranasal and IM vaccines
    2. Cats
  • live intranasal vaccine
    3. Pigs
  • a toxin derived vaccine
    4. Turkeys
  • antibiotics are not very effective
  • tetracycline can be used
  • effective vaccines are available for turkeys older than 3 weeks
87
Q

Corynebacterium renale and C. cystitidis

A
  • Disease in CATTLE
  • > Pyelonephritis
  • C. pilosum is much less pathogenic and rarely causes pyelonephritis
88
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A
  • Rocky mountain spotted fever: USA
  • Brazilian spotted fever: South America
  • tick-transmitted
  • infects dogs and humans
  • target cell is vascular endothelial cells (vasculitis)
89
Q

Ochratoxicosis

A
  • less frequent in poultry than aflatoxicosis, BUT is more lethal based on its acute toxicity
  • mainly in pigs, poultry and horses affected
  • kidney and liver damage, abortion
90
Q

Sporotrichosis

A
  • soil borne dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
  • infection via skin wounds
  • horses and mules
91
Q

Corynebacterium Pathogens

A
  1. C. renale - urinary tract infection in cattle (mostly female)
    - C. pilosum = less pathogenic
    - C. cystitidis
    - > infection of the bladder, ureters, kidney and pelvis
  2. C. pseudotuberculosis **
    - caseous lymphadenitis in sheep/goats
    - ulcerative Lymphangitis in horses/cattle
    - > external/internal abscesses
  3. C. ulcerans - mastitis in cattle
  4. C. kutscheri - abscesses in mice/rats
92
Q

Symptoms/Diagnoses and treatment for Brucellosis

A
  • contagious abortion (Bang’s disease)
  • Bulls can get orchitis and epididymitis
  • placentitis lesion
  • TREATMENT IS NOT PERMITTED
  • > except in dogs and humans
  • multiple abortions in cattle herd would make you suspect Brucellosis
  • cultural examination
  • PCR for confirmation
  • Serology:
  • vaccinated animals IgM
  • unvaccinated animals IgG
93
Q

Actinomyces

A
  • infections are characterized by suppurative granulomas
  • “cheese granules in pus”
  • > Yellowish granule containing micro-colonies of bacteria
    1. Actinomyces bovis
    2. Actinomyces suis
94
Q

Fungi characteristics

A
  • aerobic
  • growth on sabouraud agar
  • 1-4 weeks at 25’C
  • resistant to antibacterial drugs
  • chitin in the cell wall - site of action of some antifungal drugs (as well as ergosterol)
95
Q

Listeriosis in Monogastrics

A
  • horses in septicemic form

- chickens get encephalitis

96
Q

Diagnoses of Rickettsiales

A
  1. Vector identification/association
  2. Clinical signs
  3. Host cell preference/morphology
  4. Serology
  5. Molecular Techniques
97
Q

Corynebacterium

A
  • gram positive
  • non-spore forming rod (pleomorphic)
  • club shaped (“chinese letters”)
  • cause pyogenic infections
98
Q

Mycoplasma agalactiae

A
  • mycoplasma of sheep and goat
  • severe mastitis and reduced milk
  • complete fibrosis and arthritis
  • tetracycline treatment
99
Q

Diagnoses of Actinomyces suis

A
  1. Clinical signs
  2. Urine pH is over 7
  3. Bacterial isolation
    - anaerobic and slow growth
100
Q

Treatment of Moxarella Bovis

A
  • test antimicrobial susceptibility before treatment due to resistance concerns
  • Inject long acting oxytetracyclin
  • topical or subconjunctival antibiotics
  • eye patches to reduce infection spread
  • improve farm management
  • insect control
  • fly repellant tags
  • vaccines -> IBK bacterins (MAXI/GUARD Pinkeye bacterin)
  • Vaccination of pregnant cows with pilus vaccine
  • colostral antibodies protect calves
  • vaccination with modified live IBR may exacerbate IBKC if timed inappropriately
  • > damage to eye and increased nasal and ocular secretions can be increased due to modified live IBR viral infection leading to M. bovis infection
101
Q

Rickettsiales

A
  • intracellular
  • gram negative
  • cause fatal/chronic infections in animals and humans
  • infect immune cells, or hemopoitic cells
  • antibodies cross react among species
  • sensitive to antibiotics
  • transmitted via ticks, fleas or flukes
    1. Rickettsieae
  • rickettsii
    2. Anaplasmataceae
  • Ehrilichia
  • > E. canis
  • > E. ewingii
  • > E. Ruminantium
  • > E. chaffensis
102
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis

A
  • highly pathogenic
    1. Acute hemorrhagic form - porcine hemorrhagic enteropathu
    2. Chronic proliferative form - porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA)
  • ileum proliferation and blood on mucosa
    3. Equine proliferatie enteropathy (EPE)
  • colic
103
Q

Intracellular Pathogens

A
  • grow and reproduce only inside the host cell
  • gram negative organisms
  • can not grow in artificial media (agar plates/broths)
104
Q

Listeria ivanovii

A
  • less pathogenic
  • no CNS infection
  • only cattle
  • hemolytic
  • causes abortion in sheep
  • rarely causes human infection
105
Q

Cryptococcus yeast

A
  • not a commensal organism of the body, except in pigeons
106
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Lyme Disease

A
  1. History of tick exposure, signs, response to antibiotics
  2. Serology
  3. Examination of body fluids
    - Giemsa stain, FA and dark field
  4. Idexx SNAP 4Dx ELISA
  5. PCR
    - treat with doxycycline and erythromycin
    - ospA vaccine = new
107
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (CGE)

A
  1. PCR
  2. Serology (SNAP 4Dx
    - treatment is doxycycline
    - tick control*
    - no vaccine
108
Q

Brucella abortus in horses

A
  • abortion is rare
  • poll evil
  • fistulous withers (supraspinatous bursitis), or saddle sore
109
Q

Mycoplasma diseases

A
  1. Arthritis
  2. Synovitis
  3. Bone deformities
  4. Reduced hatching and growth
  5. Anemia - CATS
110
Q

Leptospira interrogans

A
  • pathogenic -> transmit via direct contact
  • no growth at 13’C
  • aerobic
  • worldwide distribution and wide animal range
  • contaminated urine splashing in eyes (cattle and swine)
  • impaired kidney and liver function
  • abortion and death
  • abortion and infertility
  • milk drop syndrome
  • Periodic opthalmia (moon blindness) in horses
  • jaundice, nephritis, fibrotic kidney and vomiting in dogs
    1. L. hardjo - cattle and swine
    2. L. icterohaemorrhagiae - dogs/humans
111
Q

Corynebacterium pilosum and C. cystitidis

A
  • Disease in SHEEP/GOATS
  • causes preputial ulcerative dermatitis
  • > “Posthitis”
  • high protein diet is a predisposing factor
  • high urea excretion leads to increased ammonia
112
Q

Molds, or filamentous fungi

A
  • fungi producing mycelia
113
Q

Posthitis

A
  • caused by C. pilosum and C. cystitidis in sheep/goats
  • pizzle rot/sheath rot
  • ammonia causes irritation leading to inflammation and ulceration of the preputial skin
114
Q

Nystatin

A
  • Narrow spectrum

- ONLY for Candida and Malassezia infections only (YEASTS)

115
Q

Chlamydiales

A
  • chamydophilia/chlamydia
  • inactive infectious form = elementary body
  • metabolically active reproductive form = reticulate body
  • cant generate ATP
  • transmission is inhalation or interpersonal contact
  • grow in yolk sac of chicken embryos or vertebrate cell cultures
116
Q

Chronic CME clinical signs

A
  • severe thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)

- anemia

117
Q

How to diagnose dermatophytes

A
  1. Wood’s Lamp - ultraviolet
  2. Wet Mount (KOH) test
  3. Culture on Sabouraud medium (confirmatory)
118
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Trueperella pyogenes

A
  1. Gram stain of pus
  2. Bacterial culture
  3. Blood agar - narrow zone of hemolysis
    - antibiotics, but response is poor
    - no vaccine
119
Q

Diagnoses and treatment of Leptospira interrogans

A
  1. abortion
  2. Milk drop
    - penicillin in bloodstreams
    - tetracyclines in kidney
    - vaccination and disinfection
120
Q

Coxiella burnetii

A
  • Q fever
  • cattle, sheep and goat reservoirs
  • zoonotic in people
  • organisms are excreted in milk, urine and feces of infected animals
  • abortions
  • treat with tetracycline
  • vaccines
  • outbreak results from occupational exposure
  • > resistant spores
  • > bioterrorism agent
121
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A
  • pigeon droppings*
  • CATS
  • airborne and forms capsules
  • remains in yeast form in env(25’C) and host (37’C)
  • Symptoms: sneezing, snuffling, nasal discharge
  • produce phospholipases that disrupts host cell membranes and cause granulomas
  • minimum of two months of treatments for cats
  • > over 6 months may be needed
122
Q

Lyme borreliosis

A
  • lyme disease
  • caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
  • transmitted by Ixodes species of ticks
  • bulls eye rash (Erythema Migrans - EM)
  • arthritis
  • neurologic manifestations
  • dogs may show shifting lameness!
  • cats may show eye damage!
  • in cattle it is clinically silent
  • in horses neurological signs such as head tilt and aimless wandering
123
Q

Diagnoses of Candida species

A
  1. KOH wet mount - budding yeasts
  2. Gram stain - budding yeasts
  3. Culture on SA
124
Q

Brucella ovis

A
  • least pathogenic

- abortion and infertility in ewes

125
Q

Mycotoxicoses

A
  • mold growing in feed/food
  • non-contagious
  • acute/chronic poisoning, immunosuppression, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity
    1. Alflatoxicoses
    2. Ochratoxicosis
    3. Ergotism
    4. Pithomyces chartarum
126
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Actinomyces bovis

A
  • culture and biochemical tests
  • early treatment is more likely to yield results
  • Iodine for treatment
  • Isoniazid (anti-TB drug) for 30 days
  • avoid feeds with coarse and sharp ingredients
127
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Coxiella burnetii

A
  1. Stained Impression smears
  2. Serology
  3. Perology
  4. Culture
    - quarantine affected animals
    - treat humans with tetracycline
    - antimicrobial treatment poor in animals
    - NOTIFIABLE Disease in USA
    - vaccines, but not available for commercial use in the US
128
Q

Aspergillosus fumigatas

A
  1. Brooder pneumonia in chicks
  2. Mycotic abortion in cattle
  3. Glutteral pouch mycosis, keratomycosis (keratitis) in horses
  4. Nasal aspergillosis in dogs
    - destruction of turbinate bones, epistaxis (bleeding from nose)
129
Q

Listeria

A
  • non-contagious disease
  • primarily in sheep and cattle
  • food-borne infection causing high mortality
  • septicimia, abortion, CNS infection and mastitis
    1. L. monocytogenes
    2. L. ivanovii
130
Q

Ehrlichia ewingii

A
  • canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (CGE)
  • target is dogs and humans
  • target host cells are neutrophils
  • reservoir host is white-tailed deer
  • USA
  • via lone star tick
  • clinical signs from mild fever, arthritis to muscular stiffness
131
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Lawsonia intracellularis

A
  • chick embryos
  • antibiotics
  • > Tylosin in feed is used prophylactically
  • vaccine reduces severity
132
Q

Ergotism

A
  • Cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, poultry
  • neurotoxicity
  • > convulsions and gangrene of extremities
133
Q

Diagnoses and Treatment of Anaplasma marginale

A
  1. History
  2. Direct observation
    - blood smear and post mortem smears
  3. Serology - ELISA
  4. PCR
    - treat via tetracyclines and imidocarb
    - > repeated injections needed for carriers
    - tick control
    - vaccination
134
Q

Mycoplasma felis

A
  • conjunctivitis in young cats
  • respiratory diseases
  • arthritis
135
Q

How to test for Aspergillus (typical sporing heads)?

A
  • scotch tape mounts of lactophenol cotton blue
136
Q

Anaplasma platys Diagnoses and Treatment

A
  • PCR is the best tool
  • treat with tetracycline (doxycycline)
  • tick prevention
  • no vaccine
137
Q

Mycoplasma hyorhinis

A
  • swine
  • chronic polyserositis, arthritis in young pigs
  • treat with tylosin
138
Q

Chlamydiosis psitacci

A
  • “parrot fever”
  • important systemic illness in companion bird and poultry
  • large economic losses in poultry industry
  • conjunctivitis
  • pericarditis and air sacculitis
  • fatal pneumonia in humans
139
Q

Bordatella avium

A
  • involved in turkey coryza (swelling of nasal mucosa) in turkeys, quail and chickens
  • Co-infection with other bacterial pathogens
  • occluded nares (causes open mouth breathing)
  • ciliated cells can be destroyed by toxins
  • morbidity is high in young turkeys
  • ocular and nasal discharge
  • conjunctivitis
140
Q

Acute CME clinical signs

A
  • bleeding and pale mucus membrane

- treat with doxycycline

141
Q

Anaplasma marginale

A
  • bovine anaplasmosis of erythrocytes (gall sickness)
  • most prevalent tick borne ruminant disease
  • can be due to iatrogenic infection
  • > needles (vaccination, dehorning saws, castrating knives, etc)
  • jaundice and brown urine (not hemoglobinuria)
  • post mortem lesion is splenomegaly
  • calves are more resistant to the disease than older cattle
  • > older more susceptible!
  • up to 50% fatality
  • cattle that recover are carriers
142
Q

Ehrlichia Ruminantium

A
  • heartwater disease/ Ehrlichia (Cowdria) ruminantium
  • target is ruminants
  • target host cells are vascular endothelial cells, neutrophils
  • reservoir host is wild and domestic ruminants
  • not known to occur in the USA
  • > Africa and Guadeloupe (Carribean)
  • 90% mortality in livestock
  • Amblyomma ticks potential vector to spread to US
  • Clinical signs = edema of heart and lungs (hydropericardium and hydrothorax)
  • > post-mortem is straw colored fluid around heart
143
Q

How to test for dermatophytes in hair/skin?

A
  • wet mount 10% KOH
144
Q

Ulcerative Lymphangitis

A
  • caused by C. pseudotuberculosis in Horses/Cattle
  • inflammation of lymphatic vessels
  • formation of abscesses on legs (green pus)
  • resemble farcy
  • external (pectoral region) and internal (liver)
145
Q

Mycoplasma

A
  • lack cell wall
  • gram stain not good
  • resistant to antibiotics
  • grow on enriched media with colonies looking like fried eggs (centre digs into soft agar medium)
  • primarily effect respiratory system, joints, mammary glands, urogenital systems
  • very small
  • endogenous, exogenous, aerosol inhalation, venereal
146
Q

Feline broncho-pneumonia

A
  • caused by Bordatella bronchiseptica
  • disease in cats
  • cyanosis, death in younger cats
  • intranasal live vaccine disease
147
Q

Listeriosis in Humans

A
  • zoonotic
  • food-borne pathogen
  • mostly in food processing and food preparing facilities
  • items refrigerated for a longer time and unpasteurized soft cheese common sources for infection
148
Q

Treatment of Bordatella bronchiseptica

A
  1. Dogs
    - required if cough persists or bronchopneumonia present
    - TMS, tetracycline or enrofloxacin
  2. Pigs
    - antibiotics (amoxycillin for piglets)
    - medicated feed for piglets
    - depopulating
  3. Turkeys
    - antimicrobial treatment is not effective, though could be employed for secondary and/or coinfections
149
Q

Brucellosis suis

A
  • low incidence in the US
  • nursing pigs from infected sows
  • abortion, sterility and still births
  • NO vaccination
150
Q

Caseous Lymphadentitis

A
  • caused by C. pseudotuberculosis in Sheep/Goats
  • chronic and contagious
  • pale green abscesses in the early stages, cream as abscess hardens and becomes “cheesy/caseous/onion-like”
  • major concern for small ruminant production
  • “thin ewe syndrome”
151
Q

Diagnoses of Mycotoxicoses

A
  1. Demonstration of toxin
  2. Decreased feed consumption or feed refusal may indicate problem
  3. Antimicrobial/antifungal medication is of no use
152
Q

Vaccines for Brucellosis

A
  1. Strain 19 B. abortus
    - females, not males
  2. RB51 strain (1996)
    - mutant strain for adults
153
Q

Diagnoses of Anaplasmosis phagocytophilum

A
  1. History
  2. IFA
  3. PCR
  4. ELISA
  5. Canine anaplasmosis test -> IDEXX SNAP 4Dx Plus
    - cross reaction can occur
    - Tetracyclines
    - Rifampin during pregnancy
    - tick repellent
    - no vaccine
154
Q

Brucella canis

A
  • highly contagious
  • oral and venereal
  • in bitches abortion and infertility
  • in males epididymitis and prostatitis, testicular atrophy and sterility
  • in dogs serious problem in breeding kennels
  • treatment not recommended!
155
Q

Wolbachia

A
  • gram negative
  • very high strain variation
  • infects arthropods and filarial nematodes (symbiotic)
  • HEARTWORM DISEASE
  • treatment results in release of Wolbachia proteins causing severe host immune response damage
  • > more severe in cats
  • use doxycycline to treat to kill Wolbachia
156
Q

Chlamydiosis abortus

A
  • sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis (BSE)
  • > Buss Disease
  • encephalitis, fibrinous pleuritis and peritonitis
  • abortion and infertility
  • economic losses
  • 3years or younger
  • walk or stagger in circles
  • transmitted through milk
157
Q

Diagnoses of CCPP

A
  1. Submit pleural fluid
    - frozen sample is best
  2. Rapid diagnosis and slaughter of effected
  3. vaccines and antibiotics used

Bacteriology/Mycology (10 decks)

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