Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards
Aminoglycosides Mode of Action
- inhibition of protein synthesis
- > streptomycin and neomycin
Sulphonamides Mode of Action
- interference with DNA synthesis by blocking folic acid production
- > sulphamezathine and sulphamethoxazole
Vancomycin Mode of Action
- inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Antibiotic given to animals when none are showing clinical signs. When disease is likely to occur
- disease prevention
Innate or natural AMR
- Intrinsic AMR
Microbe/bacteria is able to grow in the presence of antimicrobial that would normally kill/inhibit its growth
- antimicrobial resistance (resistance of bacteria to antibiotics)
Antibiotics given to animals showing clinical signs of disease
- disease treatment
Antibiotic susceptibility testing method that is less expensive, easy to use, interpret and customize
- disc diffusion assay (kirby-bauer)
Infection can be appropriately treated with recommended antibiotic in a species, at correct dose and duration
- susceptible
Bacteria change to protect it from antibiotic
- Acquired AMR
Tetracyclines Mode of Action
- inhibition of protein synthesis
- > oxytetracycline and doxycycline
Goal is to use suitable antibiotic for effective treatment and clinical success
- antibiotic susceptibility testing
Kills bacterial cells in growth phase
- bactericidal
Nitrofurans Mode of Action
- inhibition of protein synthesis
- > nitrofurantoin
Infection may be treated were antibiotic reaches physiological concentration or when higher dose is used
- intermediate
Drugs not used in accordance with the label
- Extra-label drug use
Antibiotics given to a set of animals when other animals in the group are showing clinical signs
- disease control
Novobiocin Mode of Action
- interference with DNA gyrase
Natural or synthetic substances that kill or inhibit growth of microbes
- antimicrobial agents
B-Lactam Antibiotics Mode of Action
- inhibition of cell wall synthesis
- > penicillins and Cephalosporins
Efflux pump and G-negative bacteria
- intrinsic AMR main mechanisms
Requires written permission from licensed veterinarian and includes medically important antibiotics used in water for food producing animals
- veterinary prescription
Quinolones Mode of Action
- interference with DNA gyrase
- > nalidixic acid and enrofloxacin
Antibiotic susceptibility testing method that has few CLSI approved discs for vet use and is qualitative
- disc diffusion assay (kirby-bauer)
Chloramphenicol Mode of Action
- inhibition of protein synthesis
Antibiotic susceptibility testing method that is similar to broth dilution but uses agar
- Agar dilution
Inhibits bacterial growth in stationary phase
- bacteriostatic
Bacteria not inhibited or killed by normal dose or clinical efficacy is not reliable in treatment studies
- resistant
Are antibiotics approved for growth?
- NO
Antibiotic susceptibility testing method that is quantitative and determines MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration - the lowest concentration that completely inhibits bacterial growth)
- Broth dilution
- > more expensive
Clients can buy and use without veterinary oversight?
- over the counter
Change structure of target sites, protect drug target sites and produce enzymes that inactivate or modify antibiotic
- acquired AMR main mechanisms
Medicated feeds that require written authorization from licensed veterinarian
- veterinary feed directive (VFD) drugs
Antimicrobial Stewardship
- appropriate antibiotic use
- > right time, right dose and right duration
Encoded by genes located on chromosomes or plasmids. Can be intrinsic or acquired
- Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms
