BACTERIOLOGY Flashcards
Polysaccharide capsule
S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis
d-glutamate capsule
bacillus anthracis
hyaluronic capsule
pasteurella multocida - animal bite wound
polyribosyl ribitol phosphate
h. influenzae
most common serotype in h. influenzae
serotype b
p. aeruginosa
alginate
stain for capsule
hiss, anthony’s, tyler, india ink
culture media to enhance babes ernst
PAI’s slant, loeffler’s serum
stain for inclusion bodies
loeffler’s methylene blue, albert, neisseria
halberstaedter prowazek is glycogen containing inclusion bodies that can be seen in
chlamydia trachomatis
stains for halberstaedter prowazek
gimenez, machiavello, castaneda
stain for y. pestis
wayson and methylene blue
corkscrew motility can be noted in what organisms
spiral organisms
capnophilic organisms
neisseria,strep, helicobacter, haemophilus, hasek
obligate anaerobe organisms
prevotella, porphyromonas, fusobacterium
this removes O2 in gaspak jar
palladium catalysts
indicators in gaspak jar
resazurin and methylene blue
microaerophilic organisms
campylobacter, treponema, borrelia, helicobacter
can tolerate cold enrichment
y. enterolitica and L. monocytogenes
blood bag contaminants at 4 deg C
enterolitica, liquefasciens, fluorescens
blood bag contaminants at RT
enterolytica, b. cereus, cutibacterium acnes
common contaminants of blood
epidermidis, strep, p. acnes and bacillus except anthracis
blood-broth ratio is
1;10
media used in blood
TSB, BHI and brucella broth
anticoagulant used in blood
0.025 percent sps
selective differential media used for vibrios
TCBS
COLOR of sucrose fermenter
yellow colonies
COLOR of non-sucrose fermenters
green colonies
enrichment media for vibrios
alkaline peptone water
anticoagulant used in bacteriology
0.025 percent sps-sodium polyanethol sulfonate
addition of this will neutralize effect of SPS
1 PERCENT gelatin
0.025 percent of SPS is inhibitory to what organisms
neisseria, anaerobius, vaginalis and monilliforms
anticoagulant NOT USED for culture
EDTA
HEPARIN is not recommended because it
inhibits other gram negative organisms and also yeast
heparin used for
VIRAL culture
common agents of bacteremia
CONS, e. coli, aureus, aeruginosa, fragilis
must be processed in BSC
sputum
if specimen is non-sterile, this should be done
digestion and decontamination
agents of pneumonia
k. pneumoniae, aureus and aeruginosa in those with cystic fibrosis
agents of ventilator associated pneumonia
s. pneumoniae, influenzae, aureus, aeruginosa, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia
bartlett’s classification is used to differentiate
sputum and saliva
sputum should have
less than 10 ECS and more than 25 PMNs
sputum is collected thru
deep cough collection = 5-10 mL
this will indicate poor collection
presence of alveolar macrophage and columnar cells
gold standard in m. tuberculosis
n-acetyl-l-cysteine for digestion and NaOH for decontamination
other reagents used in sputum collection
5 percent oxalic acid, Z-TSP, 4 percent NaOH, sputolysin
these reagents are used for pseudomonas
5 percent oxalic acid, Z-TSP
what biosafety level is M. tuberculosis
3, sputum pathogen and is acquired thru inhalation
swab is used for
aerobic bacteria
major throat pathogen
s. pyogenes causes pharyngitis, scarlet fever and erysipelas
major throat flora and its test
viridians strep. ALPHA HEMOLYTIC, BILE SOLUBLE NEGATIVE, SBE, OPTOCHIN RESISTANT, NEUFELD NEGATIVE
nasopharyngeal swab is for
carrier state of b. pertussis-whooping cough, n. meningitidis and influenzae, and sars-cov2 and MRSA
materials used in swabbing
dacron, rayon, calcium alginate
this material is toxic to neisseria
cotton
this material is toxic to viruses
calcium alginate
storage temp of CSF
37 deg
transport temp of CSF
RT
CSF is cultured on
BAP and CAP
usual pathogens in CSF
influenzae, meningitidis, s. pneumoniae, monocytogenes, agalactiae
alternative specimen in stool
rectal swab
common pathogens in stool
jejuni, shigella, salmonella, e. coli and its serotypes, vibrio and enterolytica
media used in stool
SSA, EMB AND MCconkey
most common cause of UTI
e. coli
most common cause of UTI in young females
saphrophyticus
urine colony count considered to be significant and is indicative of UTI
more than 100,000
dilution factor is 1000 using —- loop
1 uL
dilution factor is 100 using —- loop
10 uL
——– is the specimen to collect if the patient is intubated/on a ventilator
endotracheal aspirate
example of biphasic media
castaneda
nutrient agar broth, sabouraud’s dextrose agar
a. enrichment media
b. general purpose media
c. enriched media
d. transport media
b
selenite broth, alkaline peptone water, tetrathionate broth, carrot broth
a. enrichment media
b. general purpose media
c. enriched media
d. transport media
a
CAP, BAP
a. enrichment media
b. general purpose media
c. enriched media
d. transport media
c
CTBA, McConkey, lowenstein jensen
a. biochem test media
b. general purpose media
c. selective media
d. transport media
c
EMB, McConkey, HEA, XLD, TCBS
a. biochem test media
b. general purpose media
c. selective media
d. selective differential media
d
transgrow, cary blair, stuart
a. biochem test media
b. AST media
c. selective media
d. transport media
d
Muellerhinton agar
a. biochem test media
b. general purpose media
c. AST media
d. transport media
AST
SIM and MIO is an example of what type of media
semi-solid
always a pathogen
n. gonorrhea
naso or osopharynx and can be a normal flora
n. meningitidis
CTBA
cysteine tellurite blood agar, c. diptheriae, potassium tellurite
McConkey
enterobacteriacae, crystal violet
lowenstein jensen
mycobacterium-malachite green
a device that encloses a workspace
BSC
this can remove objects larger than 0.3 um
hepa filter
system is entirely open, sterilizes air to be exhausted; least effective
a. I
b. II
c. III
a
the most common, AKA laminar flow the type that is used in most laboratories, partly open and closed, and sterilizes air that flows over infectious material and air to be exhausted
a. I
b. II
c. III
b
exhaust air inside the room
a. IIA
b. IIB
c. III
a
exhaust air outside the building
a. IIA
b. IIB
c. III
b
this type uses gloves, attached and sealed to the cabinet; entirely closed system, self-contained ventilated system
a. I
b. II
c. III
c
poses minimal risk to lab personnel
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
A
poses moderate risk to lab personnel, acquired thru ingestion, mucuos membrane and percutaneous exposure, associated with laboratory acquired infections
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
b
poses HIGH risk to laboratory personnel, acquired thru inhalation, possible for aerosol transmission
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
c
poses EXTREME RISK to laboratory personnel, causes life threatening diseases
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
d
practice of standard laboratory techniques
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
a
those practice in BSL-1 agents, use of BSC, gowns, gloves and face shield. use of biohazard warning signs, decontaminate all infectious waste
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
b
must have sustainable airflow in which air is drawn from clean area of the lab towards contaminated area, use of PPE
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
c
lab must be situated in a separate building, use of PPE
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
d
poses minimal risk to lab personnel
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
b. subtilis, m. gordonae, e. aerogenes
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
a
salmonella, shigella, s. aureus, HBV, HIV
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
b
agents of systemic mycoses, m. tuberculosis, coxiella burnetti, st. louis encephalitis virus
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
c
arenaviruses, maroburg virus
a. BSL 1
b. BSL 2
c. BSL 3
d. BSL 4
d
destruction of all forms of microbial life including spores
sterilization
principle of autoclave
steam under pressure
121 deg celcius 15-30 mins at 15 psi
used/unused media
121 deg celcius 30 mins at 15 psi
contaminated microbiological material
132 deg celcius at 30-60 mins
infectious material wastes
biological indicator of autoclave
geobacillus stearrothermophilus
not killed by sterilization
prions
target of sterilization
spores
thickening thru evaporation
insipissation
uses flowing steam and arnold sterilizer
tyndallization
prions can cause what neurologic diseases
bovine spongiform encelopathy, mad cow disease and creutzfeldt jacob syndrome
can be done at 100 deg for for 30 mins at 3 days
tyndallization
can be done at 75-80 deg for 2 hrs at 3 days
inspissation
to sterilize media with increased protein
lowenstein jensen, petraganis and ATS
biological indicator for oven
bacillus subtilis var niger
biological indicator for ionizing radiation/gamma rays
bacillus pumilus
biological indicator for cold sterilization - ethylene oxide
bacillus subtilis var globijii
to eliminate prions, we can use
extended steam sterilization, add 1 M of sodium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite - 2 percent available chlorine
how many minutes for HBV AND HIV
HBV= 10 mins
HIV= 2 mins
standard disinfectant
phenol
best to remove blood spills
10 percent bleach or sodium hypochlorite - zonrox/chlorox
CDC recommends —– dilution for porous surfaces
1;10
CDC recommends —– for surfaces
1;100
can be used as substitute for bleach/sodium hypochlorite
vinegar
best antiseptic
iodophore
tincture of iodine
iodine plus 70 percent alcohol
donning
gown, mask, goggles, face shield, gloves
to dispose infectious materials, exposure to high temp
incineration techniques
precaution applied to all human blood and body fluids that contain visible blood
universal precaution
precaution to treat patient’s blood and body fluid as potentially infectious
standard precaution
doffing
gloves, goggles, gown, mask then do handwashing
incubator, water bath, refrigerator, freezer, heating block
a. temperature checking daily
b. weekly
c. every use
d. annual
a
autoclave efficiency/spore testing
a. temperature checking daily
b. weekly
c. every use
d. annual
b
autoclave temp
a. daily
b. weekly
c. every use
d. annual
a
GASPAK JAR
a. temperature checking daily
b. weekly
c. every use
d. annual
c
centrifuge function/rpm
a. every 6 months
b. weekly
c. every use
d. annual
a
microscopes/weighing balance
a. every 6 months
b. weekly
c. every use
d. annual
d
overdecolorization will cause
false negative
gram positive color
violet
gram negative color
red
most critical step in gram staining
decolorization
this is used for fungi
hucker’s modification
hucker’s modification contains
crystal violet and ammonium oxalate
fungi are reported as gram
positive
steps in gram staining
V-VIOLET CRYSTAL
I-GRAM’S IODINE
A-ALCOHOL/ACETONE
S-SAFFRANIN
steps in acid fast staining
C-carbol fuchsin
A-3 percent acid alcohol
M-malachite green/methylene blue
ziehl neelsen- stem/heat
kinyoun- cold method, tergitol-wetting agent
color of acid fast organism
red against blue
color of non-acid fast
blue/green
size of AFB smear
2x3 cm
best method for DSSM
ziehl- direct sputum smear microscopy
best method for AF organism in tissues
kinyoun’s
carried out to determine susceptibility or resistance of organisms to antimicrobial agents
antibiotic susceptibility testing
examples of bactericidal
P- penicillin
A- aminoglycosides
V- vancomycin
Q- quinolones
M- metronidazole
examples of bacteriostatic
C- chloramphenicol
E- erythromycin
S- streptomycin
T- tetracyclin
cell wall inhibitors
beta lactams and glycopeptides
examples of beta lactams
P- penicillin
C- carbapenems
C- caphalosporins
example of glycopeptides
vancomycin
protein synthesis inhibitors
M- macrolides
A- aminoglycosides
T- tetracycline
C- chloramphenicol
macrolides
erythromycin
aminoglycosides
gentamicin, tobramycine
tetracycline
doxycycline
beta lactamase inhibitors
tazobactam, sulbactam, clavulanic acid
sulfonamides
SXT- trimetophrim sulfamethoxazole
drug which can be used as treatment for UTI, inhibits bacterial enzyme
nitrofurantoin
inhibition of DNA activity
examples; levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin
quinolones
2 methods of AST
dilution method- quantitative
disk diffusion method- qualitative-kirby bauer
media used in kirby bauer
MHA
pH in kirby bauer
7.2-7.4
depth of agar in kirby bauer
4mm
inoculum size in in kirby bauer
1.5x10^8 CFU/mL
manner of streaking in kirby bauer
overlap using sterile cotton swab
waiting time in kirby bauer
3-5 mins
reference used in in kirby bauer
mac farland- 99.5 mL, 1 percent sulfuric acid, 1.175 percent barium chloride
size of filter paper disk in kirby bauer
6mm
storage temp for disk in kirby bauer- WORKING SUPPLY
2-8 degC
storage temp in kirby bauer- LONG TERM
-20 deg C in a dessicant
in kirby bauer incubate at
35-37 degC for 16-18 hrs in ambient air
in kirby bauer if plate size is 100 mm, place no more than —- disks
5
in kirby bauer if plate size is 150 mm, place no more than —- disks
12
in kirby bauer distance of disk from center
24 mm
in kirby bauer distance between 2 disks
15 mm
use — —- when measuring zone of inhibition
ruler or caliper
in kirby bauer if there is swarming of proteus
IGNORE
when using sulfonamides like SXT, if in case there would be 2 concentric zones, measure the
outerzone
to light inoculum, very dry and thin agar
false susceptible
to heavy inoculum, too much moisture on agar surface, thick agar
false resistant
possible results in AST
resistant, intermediate, susceptible
this is used for dilution method for fastidious organisms like haemophilus
e-test
uses a strip with single antibiotic of decreasing concentrations along its length
e-test
positive result in e-test
ellipse of growth inhibition
beta-lactamase/cephalosporinase test
CEFINASE DISK
NITROCEFIN
POSITIVE- pink to red
presence of — in the cell wall which is encoded by ——
PBP2A, mec A gene
MRSA detection
- CHROM agar
- CEFOXITIN disk test - 30 ug
- OXACILIN screen agar
- Molecular- PCR
use of chrom agar, positive result
a. rose/mauvy colony color
b. pink to red
c. ellipse growth of inhibition
d. yellow colonies
a
use of chrom agar, negative result
a. rose/mauvy colony color
b. colorless/blue
c. ellipse growth of inhibition
d. yellow colonies
b
in oxacillin screen agar test, positive means
resistant
considered as the GOLD standard because it detects Mec A gene
Molecular-PCR
OXACILLIN uses
MHA with 6 oxacillin with 4 percent NaCl
this test is to detect inducible clindamycin resistance among strains of S. aureus
d-test
this gene activate resistance to clindamycin
erm gene
d-test uses what media
MHA
d-test uses
15 ug of erythromycin and 2 ug of clindamycin
antibiotics in d-test are positioned —–
15 mm apart
positive result in d-test
blunting or flattening of clindamycin zone to produce d-pattern
positive in D-test will be reported as
clindamycin resistant
negative in d-test will be reported as
clindamycin sensitive
penicillin resistance is a test for
s. pneumoniae
for penicillin resistance, we uses
MHA with sheep’s blood and 1 ug oxacillin disk
penicillin resistance, greater than 20 mm
a. resistant
b. sensitive
b
penicillin resistance, less than 20 mm
a. resistant
b. sensitive
a
screening test for detection to produce carbapenemase
modified hodge test
positive result in modified hodge test
clover leaf like pattern of zone of inhibition
improve TAT, uses data base, numeric codes for identification - software
semi-automated methods for bacterial ID
uses microtubes with dehydrated substrates - plastic couples and cards
a. API
b. BBL crystal ID
c. VITEK
d. MADI-TOF
a
one step inoculation, no need to add reagent and oil
a. API
b. BBL crystal ID
c. VITEK
d. MADI-TOF
b
which of the following are automated system
I. MADI-TOF
II. BBL CRYSTAL ID
III. VITEK
IV. API
a. I, II, III
b. III AND IV
c. I AND IV
d. I AND III
d
automation program for bacterial identification and susceptibility
a. API
b. BBL crystal ID
c. VITEK
d. MADI-TOF
c
can do what VITEK can do but faster
a. API
b. BBL crystal ID
c. VITEK
d. MADI-TOF
d
s. pneumoniae
alpha hemolytic, optochin sensitive/susceptible
this makes beta lactamase antibiotics ineffective
CARBAPENEMASE
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
MALDI-TOF
autoclaving, tyndallization, inspissation
a. use of dry heat
b. ionizing radiation
c. filtration
d. use of moist heat
d
oven, incineration, cremation, flaming
a. use of dry heat
b. ionizing radiation
c. filtration
d. use of moist heat
a
millipore filter, nucleopore filter, HEPA filter, antibiotics
a. use of dry heat
b. ionizing radiation
c. filtration
d. use of moist heat
c
gamma rays, for those that cannot be filtered
a. use of dry heat
b. ionizing radiation
c. filtration
d. use of moist heat
b
use of chemical sterilants/biocides- ethylene oxide
a. sterilization
b. disinfection
c. tyndallization
d. inspissation
a
boiling and pasteurization
a. sterilization
b. disinfection
c. tyndallization
d. inspissation
b
