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MTAP 1 > AUBF 2 BOOK > Flashcards

AUBF 2 BOOK Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately how many g of feces is excreted in a 24-hour period

A

100 to 200 g

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2
Q

also known as intestinal gas

A

flatus

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3
Q

Carbohydrates, especially ______, that are resistant to digestion pass through the _______ unchanged but are metabolized by bacteria in the lower intestine, producing large amounts of _____

A

oligosaccharides
upper intestine
flatus

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4
Q

primary site for the final breakdown and reabsorption of ingested proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

A

small intestine

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5
Q

Digestive enzymes secreted into the small intestine by the ____ include trypsin, chymotrypsin, amino peptidase, and lipase

A

pancreas

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6
Q

digestive enzymes

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, amino peptidase, and lipase

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7
Q

Bile salts provided by the liver aid in the digestion of ___

A

fat

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8
Q

approximately _____ of ingested fluid, saliva, gastric, liver, pancreatic, and intestinal secretions enter the digestive tract each day.

A

9000 mL

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9
Q

Under normal conditions, only between ______ of this fluid reaches the large intestine, and only about ______ is excreted in the feces

A

500 to 1500 mL
150 mL

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10
Q

______ and _____ are readily absorbed in both the small and large intestines, resulting in a fecal electrolyte content that is similar to that of plasma.

A

Water and electrolytes

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11
Q

The large intestine is capable of absorbing approximately _____ of water

A

3000 mL

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12
Q

When the amount of water reaching the large intestine exceeds this amount, it is excreted with the solid fecal material, producing _____.

A

diarrhea

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13
Q

_______, on the other hand, provides time for additional water to be reabsorbed from the fecal material, producing small, hard stools

A

Constipation

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14
Q

_____ is defined as an increase in daily stool weight above ____ g,

A

Diarrhea
200 g

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15
Q

The major mechanisms of diarrhea are _____, ______, and _________

A

secretory
osmotic
intestinal hypermotility

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16
Q

Laboratory tests used to differentiate mechanisms of diarrhea

A

fecal electrolytes (fecal sodium, fecal potassium),

fecal osmolality

stool pH

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17
Q

The normal total fecal osmolarity is close to the _____ osmolality (290 mOsm/kg)

A

serum

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18
Q

normal fecal sodium is _____

A

30 mmol/L

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19
Q

normal fecal potassium is _______

A

75 mmol/L

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20
Q

The fecal sodium and fecal potassium results are used to calculate the ________

A

fecal osmotic gap.

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21
Q

A fecal fluid pH of _______ indicates a malabsorption of sugars, causing an osmotic diarrhea

A

less than 5.6

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22
Q

________ is caused by increased secretion of water

A

Secretory diarrhea

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23
Q

Enterotoxin-producing organisms such as ____________ and parasites such as _______ can stimulate these water and electrolyte secretions

A

E.coli
Clostridium
V. cholerae
Salmonella
Shigella
Staphylococcus
Campylobacter
protozoa

Cryptosporidium

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24
Q

_______ is caused by poor absorption that exerts osmotic pressure across the intestinal mucosa

A

Osmotic diarrhea

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25
Q

Bacterial, viral, and protozoan infections produce increased secretion of water and electrolytes, which override the reabsorptive ability of the large intestine, leading to _______

A

secretory diarrhea

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26
Q

Stool cultures

a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

a

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27
Q

Ova and parasite examinations
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

a

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28
Q

Rotavirus immunoassay
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

a

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29
Q

Fecal leukocytes
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

a

30
Q

Microscopic fecal fats
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

31
Q

Muscle fiber detection
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

32
Q

Qualitative fecal fats
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

33
Q

Trypsin screening
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

34
Q

microscopic fecal fats
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

35
Q

Muscle fiber detection
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

36
Q

Quantitative fecal fats
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

37
Q

Clinitest
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

38
Q

D-xylose tolerance test
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

39
Q

Lactose tolerance test
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

40
Q

Fecal electrolytes
a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

41
Q

Stool pH
Fecal osmolality

a. secretory
b. osmotic

A

b

42
Q

a functional disorder in which the nerves and muscles of the bowel are extra sensitive, causing cramping, bloating, flatus, diarrhea, and constipation

A

IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)

43
Q

hallmark of early dumping syndrome (EDS)

A

Rapid gastric emptying (RGE) dumping syndrome

44
Q

EDS symptoms begin _________ minutes following meal ingestion

A

10 to 30

45
Q

Late dumping occurs _______ hours after a meal and is characterized by weakness, sweating, and dizziness

A

2 to 3

46
Q

________ is often a complication of dumping syndrome

A

Hypoglycemia

47
Q

Detection of _______ is useful in diagnosing pancreatic insufficiency and small-bowel disorders that cause malabsorption

A

steatorrhea(fecal fat)

48
Q

also known as fecal fat

A

steatorrhea

49
Q

Likewise, pancreatic disorders, including cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, and carcinoma, that decrease the production of pancreatic enzymes, are also associated with _____

A

steatorrhea

50
Q

Steatorrhea may be present in both _____ and _______ conditions and can be distinguished by the ______

A

maldigestion
malabsorption
D-xylose test.

51
Q

If urine D-xylose is _____, the resulting steatorrhea indicates a malabsorption condition

A

low

52
Q

A normal D-xylose test indicates _______

A

pancreatitis

53
Q

The main causes of dumping syndrome include ______________

A

gastrectomy
gastric bypass surgery
post vagotomy status
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
duodenal ulcer disease
diabetes mellitus

54
Q

Malabsorption causes

A

bacterial overgrowth intestinal resection
celiac disease
tropical sprue
lymphoma
Whipple disease
Giardia lamblia infestation
Crohn disease
intestinal ischemia

55
Q

The brown color of the feces results from intestinal oxidation of ______ to ______

A

stercobilinogen
urobilin

56
Q

stools that appear pale (acholic stools) may signify a blockage of the _______

A

bile duct.

57
Q

Blood that originates from the esopha-
gus, stomach, or duodenum takes approximately______ to
appear in the stool;

A

3 days

58
Q

The presence of ________, a component of
granulocyte secondary granules, indicates an invasive bacterial
pathogen

A

Lactoferrin

59
Q

Microscopic examination of feces for undigested striated muscle is indicative of

A

pancreatic insufficiency

60
Q

For muscle fiber detection what stain is used

A

10% alcoholic eosin

61
Q

Neutral fats are readily stained by Sudan III and appear as
large ______ droplets

A

Orange-red

62
Q

quantitative fecal analysis requires
the collection of at least a __ day specimen

A

3

63
Q

gold standard for fecal fat

A

Van de kramer

64
Q

Fecal _______ is more resistant to intestinal degra-
dation and is a more sensitive indicator of less severe cases of
pancreatic insufficiency.

A

Chemotrypsin

65
Q

____________ is pancreas specific and
its concentration is about five times higher than in pancreatic
juice.

A

fecal elastase I

66
Q

The presence of increased ______ in the stool pro-
duces osmotic diarrhea from the osmotic pressure of the un-
absorbed sugar in the intestine drawing in fluid and
electrolytes.

A

Carbohydrate

67
Q

increased concentration of carbohydrate can be detected by
performing a ________ on the fecal specimen.

A

Copper reduction test

68
Q

Analyzing specimens obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage
(BAL) is a method for obtaining cellular, immunologic, and
microbiologic information from the ___________

A

Lower respiratory tract

69
Q

Desired fluid volume in BAL

A

10-20 mL

70
Q

Most frequeny seen WBC In BAL

A

Macrophage

71
Q

Bronchoalveolar lavage is becoming an important diagnos-
tic test for ______ in immunocompromised patients.

A

P.carinii

72
Q

______ has become a
significant opportunistic pathogen in patients with AIDS.

A

C. Neoformans

MTAP 1 (10 decks)

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