AUBF 2 BOOK Flashcards
Approximately how many g of feces is excreted in a 24-hour period
100 to 200 g
also known as intestinal gas
flatus
Carbohydrates, especially ______, that are resistant to digestion pass through the _______ unchanged but are metabolized by bacteria in the lower intestine, producing large amounts of _____
oligosaccharides
upper intestine
flatus
primary site for the final breakdown and reabsorption of ingested proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
small intestine
Digestive enzymes secreted into the small intestine by the ____ include trypsin, chymotrypsin, amino peptidase, and lipase
pancreas
digestive enzymes
trypsin, chymotrypsin, amino peptidase, and lipase
Bile salts provided by the liver aid in the digestion of ___
fat
approximately _____ of ingested fluid, saliva, gastric, liver, pancreatic, and intestinal secretions enter the digestive tract each day.
9000 mL
Under normal conditions, only between ______ of this fluid reaches the large intestine, and only about ______ is excreted in the feces
500 to 1500 mL
150 mL
______ and _____ are readily absorbed in both the small and large intestines, resulting in a fecal electrolyte content that is similar to that of plasma.
Water and electrolytes
The large intestine is capable of absorbing approximately _____ of water
3000 mL
When the amount of water reaching the large intestine exceeds this amount, it is excreted with the solid fecal material, producing _____.
diarrhea
_______, on the other hand, provides time for additional water to be reabsorbed from the fecal material, producing small, hard stools
Constipation
_____ is defined as an increase in daily stool weight above ____ g,
Diarrhea
200 g
The major mechanisms of diarrhea are _____, ______, and _________
secretory
osmotic
intestinal hypermotility
Laboratory tests used to differentiate mechanisms of diarrhea
fecal electrolytes (fecal sodium, fecal potassium),
fecal osmolality
stool pH
The normal total fecal osmolarity is close to the _____ osmolality (290 mOsm/kg)
serum
normal fecal sodium is _____
30 mmol/L
normal fecal potassium is _______
75 mmol/L
The fecal sodium and fecal potassium results are used to calculate the ________
fecal osmotic gap.
A fecal fluid pH of _______ indicates a malabsorption of sugars, causing an osmotic diarrhea
less than 5.6
________ is caused by increased secretion of water
Secretory diarrhea
Enterotoxin-producing organisms such as ____________ and parasites such as _______ can stimulate these water and electrolyte secretions
E.coli
Clostridium
V. cholerae
Salmonella
Shigella
Staphylococcus
Campylobacter
protozoa
Cryptosporidium
_______ is caused by poor absorption that exerts osmotic pressure across the intestinal mucosa
Osmotic diarrhea
Bacterial, viral, and protozoan infections produce increased secretion of water and electrolytes, which override the reabsorptive ability of the large intestine, leading to _______
secretory diarrhea
Stool cultures
a. secretory
b. osmotic
a
Ova and parasite examinations
a. secretory
b. osmotic
a
Rotavirus immunoassay
a. secretory
b. osmotic
a
Fecal leukocytes
a. secretory
b. osmotic
a
Microscopic fecal fats
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
Muscle fiber detection
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
Qualitative fecal fats
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
Trypsin screening
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
microscopic fecal fats
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
Muscle fiber detection
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
Quantitative fecal fats
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
Clinitest
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
D-xylose tolerance test
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
Lactose tolerance test
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
Fecal electrolytes
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
Stool pH
Fecal osmolality
a. secretory
b. osmotic
b
a functional disorder in which the nerves and muscles of the bowel are extra sensitive, causing cramping, bloating, flatus, diarrhea, and constipation
IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)
hallmark of early dumping syndrome (EDS)
Rapid gastric emptying (RGE) dumping syndrome
EDS symptoms begin _________ minutes following meal ingestion
10 to 30
Late dumping occurs _______ hours after a meal and is characterized by weakness, sweating, and dizziness
2 to 3
________ is often a complication of dumping syndrome
Hypoglycemia
Detection of _______ is useful in diagnosing pancreatic insufficiency and small-bowel disorders that cause malabsorption
steatorrhea(fecal fat)
also known as fecal fat
steatorrhea
Likewise, pancreatic disorders, including cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, and carcinoma, that decrease the production of pancreatic enzymes, are also associated with _____
steatorrhea
Steatorrhea may be present in both _____ and _______ conditions and can be distinguished by the ______
maldigestion
malabsorption
D-xylose test.
If urine D-xylose is _____, the resulting steatorrhea indicates a malabsorption condition
low
A normal D-xylose test indicates _______
pancreatitis
The main causes of dumping syndrome include ______________
gastrectomy
gastric bypass surgery
post vagotomy status
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
duodenal ulcer disease
diabetes mellitus
Malabsorption causes
bacterial overgrowth intestinal resection
celiac disease
tropical sprue
lymphoma
Whipple disease
Giardia lamblia infestation
Crohn disease
intestinal ischemia
The brown color of the feces results from intestinal oxidation of ______ to ______
stercobilinogen
urobilin
stools that appear pale (acholic stools) may signify a blockage of the _______
bile duct.
Blood that originates from the esopha-
gus, stomach, or duodenum takes approximately______ to
appear in the stool;
3 days
The presence of ________, a component of
granulocyte secondary granules, indicates an invasive bacterial
pathogen
Lactoferrin
Microscopic examination of feces for undigested striated muscle is indicative of
pancreatic insufficiency
For muscle fiber detection what stain is used
10% alcoholic eosin
Neutral fats are readily stained by Sudan III and appear as
large ______ droplets
Orange-red
quantitative fecal analysis requires
the collection of at least a __ day specimen
3
gold standard for fecal fat
Van de kramer
Fecal _______ is more resistant to intestinal degra-
dation and is a more sensitive indicator of less severe cases of
pancreatic insufficiency.
Chemotrypsin
____________ is pancreas specific and
its concentration is about five times higher than in pancreatic
juice.
fecal elastase I
The presence of increased ______ in the stool pro-
duces osmotic diarrhea from the osmotic pressure of the un-
absorbed sugar in the intestine drawing in fluid and
electrolytes.
Carbohydrate
increased concentration of carbohydrate can be detected by
performing a ________ on the fecal specimen.
Copper reduction test
Analyzing specimens obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage
(BAL) is a method for obtaining cellular, immunologic, and
microbiologic information from the ___________
Lower respiratory tract
Desired fluid volume in BAL
10-20 mL
Most frequeny seen WBC In BAL
Macrophage
Bronchoalveolar lavage is becoming an important diagnos-
tic test for ______ in immunocompromised patients.
P.carinii
______ has become a
significant opportunistic pathogen in patients with AIDS.
C. Neoformans
