Bacterial infections and zoonoses in companion animals

Question 1

Pyodermi

Hund eller kat ?

Sekundært til ?

Skyldes i 90% af tilfældene ?

Answer 1

Generaliseret pyodermi

Oftest hos hund- katte er som oftest lokale abscesser

Skyldes Staphylococcus Pseudointermedius

Question 2

Otitis Externa

Hund eller kat ?

Sekundært til ?

Hvilke agens ?

Answer 2

Oftest hund - katte har oftest øremider (Otodectes cynotis)

Sekundært til allergi

Bakterie og svampe-kombi

S. Pseudointermedius og Pseudomonas Aeruginosa og Malassezia

Question 3

Behandling af otitis externa i mild, moderart og gral tilfælde ?

Answer 3

1) Klorhexidin (antimicrobial effect)

2) cocci with og withut rods
Klorhexidin og fusidinsyre
Gentamycin

3) Oftest Pseudomonas
Lokalt alt efter om tilstanden af trommehinden
Systemisk behandling (enfrofloxacin) - sjældent
antiinflammatorisk behandling

Malassezia
Ørerens med anti-fungal effecr

Question 4

Abscesser hos kat.

Agens ?

Answer 4

Pasteurella Mutocida

Men oftest bliver anaerove bakterier ikke testet, hvorfor der kan være mange andre årsager: Fusobacterium, clostridium

Question 5

Abscess behandling

Answer 5

Velafgrænset

• Drænage og skyld med klorhexidin

Systemisk påvirket

1. valg: Clindamycin eller amoxicillin
2. valg: Amoxi/clav

Question 6

UTI (urinary tract infections)

Agens ?

Answer 6

• E. coli constitutes up to or more than 50% of all isolates
• Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter: 15-30%
• Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus: 20-30%
• NB: Pasteurella common cause in cats but not dogs

Question 7

Klassisk patient med UTI, hund.

Answer 7

steriliseret hunhunde

Question 8

Klassisk patient med UTI, kat

Answer 8

Often sterile samples (>90%) despite symptoms
(FLUTD)

Desuden ser man oftere UTI hos hunde. Det er sjældnere hos katte

Bacterial infections mostly secondary to
surgery/cathetherization

Question 9

Behandling for UTI (Nedre urinveje og Pyelonefritis)

Answer 9

Lower urinary tract infections
• 1st choice: amoxicillin
• 2nd choice: sulfa/TMP

Pyelonephritis
• 1st choice: amoxi/clav
• 2nd choice: enrofloxacin

Question 10

3 vira ved respirationssygdomme hos hest

Answer 10

Viral infections
• Equine herpesvirus infection
• Equine viral arteritis
• Equine influenza

Question 11

Agens til kværke og hvordan vil du diagnosticere og behandle det ?

Answer 11

Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is a primary
pathogen causing strangles.

Culture of abscess material or nasal discharge

Isolate horse (very contagious)

1. choice. supportive therapy (incl drainage of abscesses)
2. choice, penicillin (anvendes ved komplikationer)

Question 12

Agens til Pneumoni (Granulomatous pneumonia) hos føl ?

Answer 12

Rhodococcus equi a primary cause of pneumonia in foals

G+, intracellular, ubiquitous in soil

Transmitted by air to foals causing disease in immunocompromised individuals

Diagnosis/sampling
• X-ray / ultrasound
• BAL / trans-tracheal wash for cytology/culture (as bacteria can ”hide” in lung macrophages)

Treatment:

Supportive therapy
Erythromycin + rifampicin (never use rifampicin alone – resistance development)

Question 13

Forklar Inflammatory lower airway disease (IAD)

Answer 13

Multi-factorial disease

young racehorses (decreased performance)

excessive tracheal mucus, coughing

• Etiology - multifactorial
• Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus
zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus spp., Mycoplasma
equirhinis, equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 are all
significantly associated with IAD (Wood et al., 2005)
• Age and immunity
• Environment

• Diagnosis
• BAL / trans-tracheal wash + culture

Treatment

• Antibiotic treatment controversial
• Difficult to diagnose
• Which bacterial pathogen is relevant?
• Viral cause?
• Often patients are non-responsive to treatment

Question 14

Endometritis - agens, behandling

Answer 14

Kan også være non-infektiøs.

Bacteria associated with endometritis

Contaminants, commensals (opportunistic organisms)
• Streptococcus zooepidemicus
• E. coli

Venereally transmitted
• Taylorella equigenitalis
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Local treatment
• Flushing of uterus w. saline
• Local antibiotics (e.g. penicillin/gentamicin - solutions)
• Cave: several antibiotics are not indicated for local
treatment due to irritation of endometrium

Systemic treatment
• Gram-positives: e.g. penicillin
• Gram-negatives: e.g. sulfa/TMP or gentamicin

Behandling kan vente indtil prøvesvar, behandling er bedst under østrus

Question 15

Forklar Contagious equine metritis (CEM)

Answer 15

A highly contagious veneral disease of horses

Taylorella equigenitalis
• G-, microaerophilic, slow-growing bacillus
(rod)

• Transmitted at mating from stallions and by
fomites

Symptoms
• Copious, mucopurulent discharge for a few days
• Shortened estrous cycle
• Cleared infection or chronic carriers

Diagnosis
• Swab from endometrium, clitoral fossa/sinus or preputium/penis
• Important to screen animals at import/movement

Question 16

Forklar enteritis

Answer 16

Main bacterial pathogens are Salmonella and Clostridium
spp.

Predisposing factors may be stress related to surgery,
other GI disorders (colic) or broad-spectrum antibiotic
treatment

Diagnosis

• Salmonella: culture
• Clostridium: culture + toxin detection (ELISA / PCR)
• Treatment with antibiotics
• Controversial as they may cause/promote disease
• Necessary when severe (systemic) disease