Bacteria, viruses, fungi and blood groups Flashcards
What are microorganisms?
Most species of the Archaea, Bacteria, protista and some fungi
What is the characteristic of archaea?
Oldest group which live in extreme environements
What are the characteristics of bacteria?
Common shapes, significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells, most have a cell wall maintaining shape and peptidoglycan deposits. Classified as gram negative(usually more pathogenic) and gram positive. Most prokaryotes are motile, lack true nuclei, have a smaller genome than eukaryotes, often have plasmids. Reproduce asexually by binary fission, will reproduce in favourable environments but can recombine genetically
What are the characteristics of protists?
Very diverse, complex, most are aerobic. Animal ones are called protozoa and plant ones are called algae. Includes diatoms
What are the characteristics of fungi?
Most are multicellular, heterotrophs, digest food by producing enzymes that break down the food to simpler molecules. Critical decomposers (saprobes). Contain chitin in their cell walls, not cellulose. Reproduce via asexual or sexual reproduction
What are the characteristics of viruses?
Infection particles may be single stranded, double stranded DNA or RNA. 4- several hundred genes. Main components are capsids (protein shell that encloses the viral genome) and some have a viral envelope. Varied shapes. Can only replicate inside a host cell and most use the enzymes (machinery of the host) to assist with replication
What is the lytic cycle?
Results in death of the host, it produces new phages and lyses the host’s cell wall, releasing progeny viruses-virulent phages. Steps include; attachment, entry of phage DNA and degradation of host DNA, synthesis of viral genomes and proteins, assembly and release
What is the lysogenic cycle?
Replicates the phage genome without destroying the host cell. Viral DNA is incorporated into the host cells chromosome. Integrated viral DNA is known as a prophage- when the host cell reproduces it copes the phage DNA. An environmental signal triggers the virus genome to exit the bacterial chromosome and switch to lytic mode.
What are phages that use both lytic and lysogenic cycles called?
Temperate phages
What are the main components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma- proteins, glucose, hormones, mineral ions and CO2/O2
What are the main groups of blood?
A, B, AB and O
What are the characteristics of A blood group?
Has A antigen and makes antibodies against B
What are the characteristics of B blood group?
Has B antigen and makes antibodies against A
What are the characteristics of AB blood group?
Has both A and B antigens and does not make antibodies against either type
What are the characteristics of O blood group?
Does not produce antigens but has anti- A and anti-B antibodies
