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Fundamental Of Disease > bacteria Structure > Flashcards

bacteria Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are glycocalyces?

A

Gelatinous, sticky substances surrounding the outside of the cell.

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2
Q

What does glycocalyces contain?

A

Polysaccharides , polypeptides, or both

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3
Q

Where are two types of glycocalyces. What are they?

A

Capsule and slime layer

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a capsule of the bacteria?

A

Composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals. And is firmly attached to the surface of the cell.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the capsule?

A

Protects cells from drying out and may prevent bacteria from being recognized and destroyed by host

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6
Q

What is a slime layer of a bacteria?

A

A sticky layer that allows prokaryotes to attach to surface. It is loosely attached to the cell surface. It is water souble and protects cells from drying out.

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7
Q

Examples of bacteria that has a slime layer

A

Pseudomas, streptococcus mutans uses is a gensus that adheres To the teeth of humans and can cause tooth decay because it uses sucrose to synthesis a biofilm teeth.

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8
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

The flagellum is a long protein structure responsible motility .

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9
Q

How does a flagellum work?

A

By spinning like a propel, using proton motive force as energy, the flagella pushes like a ship .

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10
Q

Bacteria with a flagellum can cause disease . Name one?

A

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that causes disease. It has a powerful flagellum at one end of it spiral shaped cell, it allows H.pylori to penetrate the vicious mucous gel that coats the stomach.

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11
Q

The flagellum is composed of three parts. What are they?

A

Filament, hook, basal body

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12
Q

Describe the filament structure of the flagellum?

A

Is made up of a protein called flagellin. The flagellin is arranged in a helical structure with a hollow core.

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13
Q

Describe the hook portion of the flagellum.

A

Connects the filament to the cell surface and is curved.

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14
Q

Describe the basal body of the flagellum

A

Basal body anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane

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15
Q

What does monotrichous mean?

A

Having a single flagellum at only one pole or end. E.g. Vibrio sp

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16
Q

What does peritrichous mean?

A

Having cilia or appendicular organs around a bacterium e.g ecoli

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17
Q

What does lophotrichous means?

A

Having two or more flagella at one end. E.g. Pseudomonas sp

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18
Q

What does amphitrichous mean?

A

Having a flagellum at both ends e.g spirilum

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19
Q

What is the purpose of bacterial flagella structure?

A

Movement

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20
Q

What protein makes up bacterial flagella structure?

A

Flagellin, deposited in a helix at the lengthening tip

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21
Q

Facts about the bacterial flagella structure?

A

Base of filament inserts into hook

Filaments capsule of rotating 360 degree

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22
Q

What anchors filament ?

A

Basal body anchors filament and hook to cell wall by a rod and a series of either two or four rings of integral proteins.

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23
Q

Sex pilus

A

Used for the transfer of DNA , longest pilus , it is used to join the two cells for e.g ecoli.

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24
Q

What are pilus ?

A

Hair like projections of the cell

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25
Q

What are endospores?

A

Dormant cell,
Produced when starved,
Resistant to adverse conditions such as temp,organic solvent.

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26
Q

What is the chemical that is in endospores?

A

Calcium dipicolinate

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27
Q

Example of bacteria with endospores

A

Bacillus and clostridium

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28
Q

What is the structure of endospores?

A

Peptidoglycan layer, cortex, between two membranes, less cross linked, dehydrated muramic acid (lactam)

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29
Q

Definition of cell wall

A

Consist of cell membrane, cell wall included embedded proteins and glycocalyces or capsule.

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30
Q

Functions of the cell wall

A 
Barrier ( osmotic protection, regulated environment (ph, solute gradients) 
Solute transport
Electron transport
Electrochemical gradients/ ATP synthesis
Motility
Lipid biosynthesis
Protein secretion
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31
Q

What is attached to the phosphates on the cytoplasmic membrane structure

A

Calcium ions and magnesium ions

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32
Q

Function of Permeability barrier

A

Prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into and out of the cell.

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33
Q

What is the function of protein anchor?

A

Site of many proteins involved in transport, bioenergetics and chemo taxis

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34
Q

What is energy conservation?

A

Site of generation and use of the proton motive force.

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35
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptoglycans

36
Q

Gram positive bacteria have a thick or thin peptidoglycan layer

A

Thick

37
Q

Why are teichoic and lipoteichnoic acids important?

A

Serotyling

38
Q

Facts of teichoic acid

A 
Found in gram positive bacteria
Impact a negative charge on bacteria
Binds Mg2+
May be bound to membrane lipids
Contain ester linkages to other sugars and D- alanine
Involved in adherence to host tissue.
39
Q

Teichoic acids contain

A

Acidic polysaccharides containing glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate

40
Q

Peptidoglycan layer is known as

A

Murein

41
Q

Importance of peptidoglycan layer

A

Critical for resistance to osmotic pressure
Hydrophilic nature provide resistance to some hydrophobic compounds.
Very important target for antibiotics

42
Q

What is the chemical structure of peptidoglycan ?

A

N- acetylmuranic
Diaminopimelic acid
Repeating structure

43
Q

A lipopolysachharide molecule that is released from the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria cell walls and causes the symptoms of the bacterial infection is called

A

Endotoxin

44
Q

The chromosome in prokaryotes are located within

A

Nucleoid

45
Q

Name a bacteria that lacks a cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

46
Q

What shape does vibrio app have

A

Curved rod

47
Q

What shape does corynebacterium have?

A

Club shaped

48
Q

What shape does clostridium have

A

Spore forming rod

49
Q

Functions of cell wall

A

Osmotic protection, solute transport, electron transport, electrochemical gradient/ ATP synthesis, motility.

50
Q

Bacteria have which ions in their cytoplasmic membrane ?

A

Mg and ca2t

51
Q

Core polysaccharide for endotoxins

A

Glu, gal. Hep,,KDO,GLUCOSAMINE

52
Q

Gram negative envelope.

A

Outer membrane has pores formed by porin proteins large enou to diffuse trisaccharides..
Outer membrane can exclude large compounds .e.g vancomycin

53
Q

LPS outer membrane

A

Oligosaccharide O side chain, core provides resistance to hydrophobic compounds. (Base for enteric bacteria)

54
Q

DAP linkage is mostly seen in which category of bacteria ?

A

Negative

55
Q

Peptidoglycan layer is porous or non porous?

A

Porous

56
Q

Perisplasmic space

A

The space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane.
It contains numerous proteins
Contains a peptidoglycan layer
Virulence factor such as hyaluronidase, b lactamse

57
Q

Grain stain order

A

Crystal violet,gam iodine,decoloriser, safinin red

58
Q

Mycobacterial cell envelopes

A 
Lipid rich cell wall
Acid fast
Slow growth
Resistance to penicillin and vancomycin 
Clumping q
59
Q

Two bacteria that lack cell wall are

A

Mycoplasma and chlamydiacea such as chlamydia, chlamydophilia,

60
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

Single membrane contains sterols, which are important for ridity
Related to gram positive bacteria
Smallest free livi f bacteria

61
Q

Chlamydiaceae

A

Two membranes
Some genes for peptidoglycan synthesis found in genome
Obligate intracellular parasites
Non replication intracellular body,

62
Q

Initial phase

A

Cells enlarge , metabolic activity increases

63
Q

Exponential phase

A

Rapid multiplication, bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics

64
Q

Stationary phase

A

Slow multiplication, some cells die,synthesis of Dana continues to some level, smaller cells appear

65
Q

Decline

A

Decrease of the umber of viable cells due to lack of nutrients decrease in ph, accumulation of toxins

66
Q

Growth of microbial populations

A

Binary fision( 30 minutes),DNA replicates, cell elongates then divides (60 minutes) , population doubles with each generation(90min),exponential growth ( 120 minutes)

67
Q

Obligate aero best

A

Only aerobic conditions, presence of catalase and superoxide dismutase allows toxics form of oxygen. To be neutralised

68
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Both aerobic and anaerobic growth, growth is excellent when oxygen is present

69
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Only anaerobic growth, ceases in presence of oxygen, lack enzymes that allow tolerance to oxygen

70
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Only aerobic growth,oxygen required in low concentrations

71
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

70- 105

72
Q

Mesophiles

A

15- 45

73
Q

Psychophiles

A

-5 - 15

74
Q

Bacterial genome is composed of one circular chromosome

A

4-5 MB long
Contains double stranded molecules of DNA arranged in circular form
Condenses by supercoiling and looping into a dense,y packed nucleiod body,

75
Q

Plasmids

A

Plasmids are circular DNA molecules present I. The cytoplasm of bacteria
Capable of autonomous replication
Can transfer genes to each other
Present in yeast

76
Q

Transformation

A

Transfer of genetic information through the activity of DNA .

77
Q

Experiment for transformation

A

Griffith expirement with mice

78
Q

Bacterial transformation

A

DNA binds to the surface of a component cell and is cleved into fragment of about 15 mb

79
Q

Natural transformation

A

Recipient cell has enzymatic machinery for DNA import

80
Q

Artificial transformation

A

Damage to recipient cell walls allow donor DNA to enter cells.m

81
Q

Electroporation

A

Mix donor DNA with recipient bacteria an subject to very brief high voltage

82
Q

Lipofection

A

Used to transform cells of animals yeast plants and bacteria

83
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

Is genetic recombination in which their is a transfer of dnafrom a living organism to a recipient bacterium . Often using a sex pilus

84
Q

3 conjugation process

A

Ft conjugation
HFr conjugation
Resistance plasmid conjugation

85
Q

Two types if transduction types

A

Lyric and lysogenic

86
Q

Transposon

A

Are transposable. Genetic elements that carry one or more other genes in addition to those which are essential for transposition

Fundamental Of Disease (19 decks)

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