Background (-1450) [W] Flashcards
What is personal monarchy?
When a monarch takes personal interest in government
What was the feudal system?
A hierarchical system where land = manpower. This works because land is finite. (King -> Nobility -> Gentry -> Merchants -> Peasants)
What was England’s economy mostly in the 15th century?
Agriculture-based
What was England’s largest export in the 15th century? And what % of the population did this employ?
Wool + cloth, 3%
Who was the 2nd largest landowner in England in the 15th century?
The Church
What is bastard feudalism?
When land is replaced by money, e.g. money = manpower. This fails because money is infinite, so Lords can surpass the King (and build private armies called retainers) and destabilise society
What is an affinity?
The servants, retainers and followers of a Lord
What is a retainer?
A member of a Lord’s private army
What is a livery?
A badge showing which Lord a retainer is loyal to, to identify supporters and demonstrate power. Causes division
Where was England’s army based?
Only in Berwick and Calais; used armies of Lords in battle
What was the French peace treaty in 1444 called? Who negotiated it?
Treaty of Tours, Duke of Suffolk (De la Pole)
When and who did Henry VI marry?
Margaret of Anjou, 1445
When was Maine surrendered? Why?
1448, part of the Treaty of Tours
Who dominated court from 1437-50?
Cardinal Beaufort and Duke of Suffolk (De la Pole)
Who usurped the throne in 1399? Who from?
Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV), Richard II
Which line of royalty was Henry VI descended from? And York?
Lancastrian Line (John of Gaunt), Mortimer Line (Lionel of Clarence)
When was Rouen recaptured by the French?
October 1449
Who was Lieutenant of France during the losses? Who was it before? What year did they change?
Duke of Somerset (E. Beaufort), Duke of York, 1448
Which 2 towns did the French pirate? When?
Rye and Winchelsea, 1448
When did York’s mentor, Humphrey Duke of Gloucester die? Who was blamed?
1447, Duke of Suffolk (De la Pole)
