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Locomotor > Back, Vertebral Column, IV > Flashcards

Back, Vertebral Column, IV Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33

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2
Q

What are the different regions of the spinal column

A 
Cervical 
Thoracic 
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
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3
Q

How of each vertebrae are there?

A 
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
4 Coccygeal
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4
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

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5
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to bone

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6
Q

What kind of joints are facet joints?

A

Synovial plane joints

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7
Q

What are the different ligaments around the spinal column?

A 
Interspinous ligament (long continuous)
Ligamentum flavum (between the lamina of one vertebrae to another)

Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament

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8
Q

What are the 4 stages of disc herniation?

A

Protruding
Prolapsed
Extruded
Sequestered

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9
Q

What is disc herniation?

A

Like a jam donut

The nucleus pulposis is the jam
Annulus fibrosis is the donut

When gravity pushes on the IV disc, jam comes out

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10
Q

Where do 95% of herniated discs occur?

A

Between L4-L5 or L5-S1 joints

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11
Q

What is the thickness of IV discs through the vertebral column?

A

Cervical - 3mm
Thoracic - 5mm
Lumbar - 9-11mm

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12
Q

What back muscles are responsible for flexion?

A

Rectus abdominals
Psoas major

(Moving forward)

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13
Q

What back muscles are responsible for extension?

A

Paraspinals
Gluteus maximus

(Leaning back)

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14
Q

What back muscles are responsible for lateral flexion?

A 
SCM 
Rhomboid
Internal and external oblique 
Quadratus lumborum 
Gluteals
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15
Q

What back muscles are involved in rotation?

A

Paraspinals
External oblique
Internal oblique
SCM (in the neck)

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16
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the back?

A

Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius
Teres major

17
Q

What are the deep muscles of the back?

A

Paraspinals

18
Q

In which part of the vertebrae does flexion most happen?

A

Cervical

19
Q

In which part of the vertebrae does extension most happen?

A

Lumbar

20
Q

In which part of the vertebrae does rotation most happen?

A

Thoracic

21
Q

What kind of joint articulates the atlas to C1?

A

Condyloid synovial joint

22
Q

What kind of joint articulates the axis to the atlas?

A

Pivot type synovial joint

23
Q

Which one is higher up the vertebral column? Atlas or axis?

A

Atlas

24
Q

Where do the ligamentum flavum run and what is their purpose?

A

Extends from lamina above to lamina below

Resists separation of the lamina
Stops abrupt flexion
High elastic content so assisting with straightening after flexion

25
Q

Where do the interspinous ligaments run and what is it’s properties?

A

Long and continuous
Joins adjacent spinous processes
Weak like a thin membrane

26
Q

Where are facet joints found?

A

Between inferior and superior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

27
Q

What is the most common symptom of herniated intervertebral discs?

A

Back pain

28
Q

What are two ways that the vertebrae articulate together?

A

Between vertebral bodies (IV discs)

Between articular facets (facet joints)

29
Q

What commonly occurs clinically at facet joints?

A

The facet joints are near where the spinal nerves come out from the vertebral column

When the joints are diseases or when osteophytes form spinal nerves can become compressed

As the IV disc degenerates with age, spinal nerve roots can become compressed (especially in the lumbar region)

30
Q

What happens when ligaments surrounding the joints are compressed?

A

Localised pain

31
Q

What happens when the nerve roots are compressed in the spinal column?

A

Numbness
Tingling
Pain across respective dermatology

32
Q

Why do you not feel pain from the IVD themselves?

A

Poorly innervated

33
Q

What are IV discs made of?

A

Annulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

34
Q

Wha happens when the nucleus polposus dries out?

A

Loose height
Disc not as resilient
Does does not absorb shocks as well

35
Q

When do degenerative changes start?

A

20s

36
Q

What percentage of the nucleus pulposis is water at birth?

A

85

37
Q

What are the functions of IV discs?

A

Provide strong attachments between vertebral bodies
Weight bearing and strength
25% of the heigh of the vertebral column

38
Q

Describe the properties and function of the anterior longitudinal ligaments

A

Thick

Prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

Locomotor (10 decks)

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