Back and Spine

Question 1

where does cranial nerve 11 (accessory nerve) run?

Answer 1

down 2 thirds of scm and to proximal third of traps.

Question 2

what are the 5 branches of cranial nerve 5?

Answer 2

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

Question 3

what are the degree ranges for scoliosis when certain interventions are appropriate?

Answer 3

0-5 is natural, on contralateral side of dominant hand. 5-15 physiotherapy can help, 15-30 ortho and braces is needed, 30 plus is surgery

Question 4

what are primary and secondary curvatures

Answer 4

born with (sacral and thoracic) are primary. Secondary develope later (cervical and lumbar)

Question 5

why are the curvatures important?

Answer 5

resist compressive forces up to ten fold

Question 6

what is the intervertebral disc made up of, name a pro and a con.

Answer 6

fibrocartilage, resists compressive force, cant repair itself.

Question 7

what joint is the fulcrum of most of the movement in the spine? why are these joints prone to osteoarthritis

Answer 7

zygapophyseal joint. (small but take on a lot of stress)

Question 8

what passes through the intervertebral foramen and what can happen if swelling of joints around it occurs?

Answer 8

A bunch of nerves that can get compressed.

Question 9

where is the nucleus polposus and what does it contain?

Answer 9

In the intervertebral disk and it contains hyaluronic acid.

Question 10

what is the function of hyaluronic acid?

Answer 10

absorbs water which acts as a shock absorber, its why youre taller in the morning (water gets compressed throughout the day)

Question 11

why does the body lose its ability to deal with compressive forces over time?

Answer 11

hyaluronic acid leaks over time.

Question 12

what is the anulus fibrosus and why is it important?

Answer 12

layer of collegen fiber surroundeing nucleus polposus, holding it in. fibres can range from around 20 in the lumbar region to arond 4 in cervical.

Question 13

what is a herniated disc and why cant you usually feel it till a few years after it has started to happen?

Answer 13

when layers of anulus fibrosis get torn, usually it happens liek one at a time, deep layers get torn first but arent innervated by nerves.

Question 14

why does herniation happen posteriolaterally usually and why is this bad? what is one symptom

Answer 14

posteriolateral portion has least ligamentous support so it usually happens their first. but that compresses spinal cord. coughing or sneezing will

Question 15

what can be done about a herniated disc to relieve pressure on spinal cord?

Answer 15

laminaectamy, cutting away the laminae to relieve pressure on spinal cord.

Question 16

what ligament becomes the nuchal ligament, and where does this happen?

Answer 16

supraspinous, in cervical region.

Question 17

what kind of joint is the atlanto occipital joint?

Answer 17

synovial condylar joint.

Question 18

what kind of joint is atlantoaxial joint?

Answer 18

synovial pivot joint

Question 19

what is the purpose of the uncinate process and where are they?

Answer 19

on superior body of vertebrae in cervical region. give convexity for intervertebral disc so it doesnt slip off.

Question 20

what kind of joint is a unco-vertebral joint?

Answer 20

synovial gliding joint.

Question 21

what is in grey matter?

Answer 21

nerves and bodies, anterior (motor neurons) lateral (autonomic) and posterior (sensory) horn.

Question 22

what is white matter?

Answer 22

mylinated fibres

Question 23

what are the three layers of meninges?

Answer 23

dura mater (outside, thick dense connective, protection of spinal cord), arachnoid mater (circulation of scf), pia mater (very delicate and thin)

Question 24

what is the cauda equina?

Answer 24

Nerves that hang by exit point

Vertebral column gets creates much quicker then you grow meaning the spinal cord dangles

Question 25

what creates spinal cord and brain, connective tissue, and skin when you are a fetis?

Answer 25

neural tube, schleratome, and dermatome.

Question 26

is it cue cards or q cards

Answer 26

cue

Question 27

what 4 things does vertebral joint mobility depend on?

Answer 27

size of intervertebral disc, orientation of articulating surfaces of the z joints, presence of ribs, tension of surrounding tissue

Question 28

how do you get the mobility number of your veratbrae?

Answer 28

ratio of thickness to height.

Question 29

describe articulating surfaces of the different vertebrae…and rom

Answer 29

cervical is horizontal (flexion extension main), thoracic is coronal (some flexion and rotation), lumbar is saggital (flexion and lots of extension)

Question 30

what are the three erector spinae muscles?

Answer 30

ilio costalis (lumborum, thoracis, cervices), longissimus (thoracis, cervices, capitis), spinalis (thoracis, cervices, capitis)

Question 31

what are the three transversospinous muscles?

Answer 31

semispinalis (thoracis, cervices, capitis), multifidis, rotatores (longus and brevis)

Question 32

what three muscles make the suboccipital triangle?

Answer 32

obliquus capitis superior and inferior, and rectus capitis posterior major

Question 33

how do tension headaches relate to msucles of the suboccipital triangle and what can you do?

Answer 33

inflammation of any of the sub occipital triangle muscles can lead to compression of the vertebral artery which can create blood pressure changes in the cranium. you can do a sub occipital release.

Question 34

why do you have to be careful when doing a suboccipital release?

Answer 34

you can create a blood clot in the endothelial artery which can lead to stroke. nerves in this area will be sensetive if you push too hard

Question 35

which way do the superior and inferior articulting facetes of thoracic vertebrae face?

Answer 35

superior face posteriolaterally and inferior face anteriomedially

Question 36

which vertabrae doesnt have a bifid trans and spinous process?

Answer 36

C7

Question 37

what does the ligumentum flavum connect?

Answer 37

adjacent laminae

Question 38

where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 38

L1 L3

Question 39

what is the end fibres of pia mater turn into?

Answer 39

filum terminale

Question 40

describe line from spinal cord to ventral plexus. include motor and sensory fibres.

Answer 40

ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory) rootlets->roots -> DRG & ventral root (separate but in same dura mater)->spinal nerve now together->dorsal rami & ventral rami ->ventral plexus

Question 41

what are the 5 branches of the popliteal arteries called?

Answer 41

genicular branches.

Question 42

what are osteophytes?

Answer 42

cartilage that calcifies and hurts a lot.

Question 43

what direction to the menisci follow?

Answer 43

follow the condyles, so flexion causes menisci to go posteriorly, ex leads anteriorly.

Question 44

what are the patterns of movement of the femoral condyle on the plate?

Answer 44

20 degrees its a roll then gliding and rolling till 90 then after 90 to 145 its gliding. gliding causes a lot more friction.

Question 45

what is the acl attachment?

Answer 45

intercondylar area and runs posteriorly to external femoral condyle (lateral fem condyle actual name)

Question 46

what is the pcl attachment?

Answer 46

posterior intercondylar area runs anteriorly to internal femoral condyle

Question 47

go from superficial to deep in the neck region and describe the muscles.

Answer 47

upper traps insert in the external occipital produberance, levator scap is on lateral to that, splenius capitis is oblique from lateral to medial and splenius cervices lower down. under that you have semispinalis capitis and under those you have semispinalis cervicis ljsut lateral to spinalis cervices