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basics from b-pages/notes > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

What arteries supply the spinal cord?

A

Descending Aorta –> Posterior intercostal –> Dorsal branch (spinal and musculocutaenous)

Abdominal Aorta –> Lumbar –> Dorsal Branch (spinal and musculocutaneous

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2
Q

What is number 5?

A

Posterior intercostal artery of spine

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3
Q

Where is the posterior intercostal artery?

A

5

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4
Q

What is number 4?

A

Dorsal branch of the posterior intercostal artery

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5
Q

Where is the dorsal branch of the posterior intercostal artery?

A

Number 4

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6
Q

What are numbers 1 and 2?

A

Anterior and posterior spinal branches?

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7
Q

What are the attachments to the vertebral body?

A

Anterior and posterioer longitudal ligaments

psoas muscle

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8
Q

Where are the costal facets located?

A

laterally on the verebral body

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9
Q

what is the function of the costal facet?

A

articulate with the head of the rib

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10
Q

what is the function of the vertebral foramen and canal?

A

houses spinal cord

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11
Q

Where is the vertebral notch?

A

Number 7

Inferior vertebral notch

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12
Q

What is function of the the intervertebral foramen?

Where is it?

A

Between the superir and inferior vertebral notches

transmists spinal and radicular nerves

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13
Q

What composes the nuearal arch?

A

Pedicile, Lamina, Spinous Process

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14
Q

Where is the transverse process?

A

4

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15
Q

What attaches to the transverse process?

A

erector spinae, psoas (lumbar), transversospinalis, leveator scapulae muscle

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16
Q

What facet is located on the trasverse process? What is its function?

A

Costotubular facet

articulates with rib

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17
Q

What is number 10?

What is number 8?

what is the function?

A

superior costal facet

Inferior costal facet

articualtes with adjacent vertebral surface to form zyphophyseal joint

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18
Q

What is the attachments on the lamina?

A

ligamentutum flava on internal vertebral canal

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19
Q

What attaches to spinous process?

A

trapezius, rhomboids, lattissimus dorsi, spinalis, erector spinae, transversospinalis (m)

interspinous, nuchal, and supraspinous ligaments

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20
Q

What are the caracteristics of cervical vertabre?

A

Transverse foramina which allow transmision of artery up to the skull

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21
Q

what is caracteristic of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

costal facets, place of articulation for head and tubercle of rib

Head - superior costal facet

tubercle - transverse costal fact

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22
Q

What is characteristic of the lumbar vertebrate?

A

Mammillary Processes

Allow attachment of multifitus muscles

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23
Q

What happens with advancing age of the spinal column?

A

Decreased bone density of tribecular done

arcitular surfaces bow inward

compression at periphery

osteophytes form (growths) to limit range of moton

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24
Q

Who many vertebrae are there?

A

7 Cervical

12 Thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral *fused

4 coccygeal *fuse

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25
Q

Kyphosis

A

Anerior curve. opens to front

Throacic and sacral regions

(primary curvature_

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26
Q

Lordosis

A

posterior curve (opens towards back)

secondary curvature

cervical and lumbar

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27
Q

Excessive kyphosis

A

thoracic spine has change in bone density to curve more anteriorly.

Seen in geriatric population

Dowagers hump or humpback

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28
Q

Excessive lordosis

A

exessive posterior curvature in the lumbar region.

Found in gymnasts and American American women

Called Sway back

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29
Q

What the function of the sacrum?

A

forms posterior aspect of pelvis

provides stability and strength to pevic architecture

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30
Q

What is represened by the area ecompassing 1 and 4?

What is the function?

A

Sacral Base

Articulates with 5th lumbar vertebrae

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31
Q

What is number 5?

What is the attachments?

A

Promotory

anterior longitudinal ligmant

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32
Q

Where is the promotory?

A

5

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33
Q

What is 2?

A

Ala (wing)

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34
Q

where is the pelvic surface?

What are the attachments?

A

ventral surface of the sacrum

piriformis m

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35
Q

Where are the pelvic sacral faramina?

Function?

A

6

transmit ventral rami of sacral nerves and lateral sacral arteries

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36
Q

Where is the dorsal surface?

Attachments

A

Ventral side of sacrum

erector spinae, gluteus maxiumus m.

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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37
Q

What are number 11?

Function?

A

Dorsal sacral foramina

transmit dorsal rami of sacral nerves

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38
Q

What is it called when the sacrum and coccyx articulate?

A

Apex

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39
Q

Where is the sacral canal?

What is the function?

A

just below dorsal surface

houses sacral spinal roots

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40
Q

What are 4?

what is 1?

A

superior articular process (articualates with inferior articular process of lumbar vertebrae)

lumbosacral articular process (articulates with intervertebral disc)

41
Q

What is number 3?

attachments

A

Coccyx

coccygeus muscle of trunk

42
Q

what articulates with costal facet of vertebral body?

A

head of rib

43
Q

what attaches to shaft of rib?

A

pectoralis minor (3-5)

serratus anterior m.

44
Q

what attaches to angle of rib?

A

erector spinae (iliocostalis)

45
Q

what articulates with the traverse process of the vertebrae?

A

articular facet on rib tubercle

46
Q

where does the articular facet of rib articulate?

A

transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

47
Q

What is the fascia on the back?

A

thoracolumbar fascia

48
Q

what does the posterior theracolumbar fascia attach to?

what does it pass posterior to?

A

spinous process

erector spinae to fuse with middle layer

49
Q

What does the middle thoracolumar fascia attach?

what does it pass posterior to?

A

transverse process

quadratus lumborum m.

50
Q

what does the anterior throacolumbar fascia attach to?

What is it anterior to?

A

transverse process

quadratus lumborum to fuse with middle layer to form aponeurotic origin of transversus abdominis muscle

51
Q

What are the two major joints in the spine?

A

Zygapophysial facets

intervertebral symphysis

52
Q

What is the intervertebral joint?

A

Joint between adjacent vertebral bodies that are separated by an intervertebral disc. on either side of disc is the hyaline cartilage plate

Classification: symphysis

movements: flexion and extension, lateral flexion, rotation

53
Q

What is the intervertebral disc?

A

composed of two elements:

anulus fibrosus, exterior of very dense cartilage.

nucleus pulposus: interior, soft mucoid gel that becomes more fibrocartilaginous with age.

54
Q

What happens with a bulging disc?

A

nucleus pulposus migrates posterior laterally to pus anulus fibrousis outside vertebral column and imoinge on the spinal cord

55
Q

what happens with a herniated disc?

A

nucleus polpolsus escapes from the confines of the anulus fibrosis

56
Q

What direction does a herniated or buldging disc occur in?

A

posterolateral

due to the posterior longitudinal ligamet

57
Q

What is the zygapophyseal joint?

A

joint between the superior and inferior articular processes of vertebral column

classification - synovial plane

movements: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

58
Q

What is number 1?

Attachements:

Function:

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

to anterior surface of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

stablizes vertebral column and prevents hyperextension

59
Q

What is number 3?

attachments:

function:

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

posterior surface of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

frevents hyperflexion

60
Q

What is 8?

attachments

A

Ligamentum flavum

interconnect adjacent laminae

61
Q

what is number 6?

attachments

A

supraspinous

apices of spinous process c7 to sacrum

62
Q

What is number 7?

attachments:

A

interspinous

interconnect adjacent spinous processes

63
Q

what is ligamentum nuchae?

A

ligament attaching from c7 spinous process to external occipital protuberance

64
Q

What ligament extends above c7?

A

ligamentum flavum

65
Q

What is the function of the ventral root?

A

carries axons from Lower motor neurons to skeletal muscle innervation

preganglionic sympathetic neurons (ventral roots T1-L2)

preganglionic parasympathetic motor neurons S2-4

66
Q

What is the function of the dorsal root?

A

carries axons from primary sensory nuerons innervating skin, fascia, joints, muscles, bones, blood vessels, and viscera

67
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

houses cell bodies of pimary sensory nuerons

68
Q

ventral ramus

A

carries axons from primary sensory nuerons, LMN, and PostG sympathetic nuerons innervating anterior neck, thoracic wall, abdominal wall, pelvic wall, and extremities

69
Q

dorsal ramus

A

carries axons from PSN, LMN, PostG sympathetic to innervate posterior neck and back (skin, fascia, muscles, ligaments, joints, bones, vessels)

70
Q

What are the surface features of the spinal cord?

A

cervical enlargement

lumbar enlargement

conus medullaris

71
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end?

A

foramen magnum to L2 at conus medullaris

72
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

roots of the dorsal and ventral spinal nerves below L2-coccygeal nerve

site of lumbar puncture

73
Q

How many nerves are there?

How are they named?

A

C8, T12,L5, S5, Coccygeal 1

Cervical: number correspons to inferor number of vertebra name.

C6: exits through C5-6 foramen

The rest are named according to the superior vertebra name

T11 nerve exits thorugh T11-12

74
Q

What makes up the meninges?

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

75
Q

Dura mater

A

though ribrous, connective tissue covering outtermost layer of spinal cord

anchored to coccyx by filum terminale

can spread disease longitudinally

76
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

delicate, avascular membrane of fiberous and elastic tissues that lines spinal cord, roots, and spinal ganglioin.

separated from pia by subarachnoid space containg CSF

77
Q

pia mater

A

innermost covering membrane

thin, transparent, follows spinal cord, roots of spinal nerves, blood vessles.

Contains dentricate ligaments

78
Q

dentricate ligaments

A

suspend spinal cord ind ural sac. Sheats of fibrous pia that extend between anterior and posterioer nerve roots

79
Q

what is lumbar spinal stenosis?

A

narrowing of vertebral canal, most common in lumbar region, to compress spinal nerve roots

symptoms occurs often on one side (sensory or motor)

numbness, cramping, pain in back, butt, thighs, or claves.

weakness in lower extremity

80
Q

what is done to help with spinal stenosis?

A

laminectomy - excision of spinous process to relieve pressure on cord and nerve roots

81
Q

Cervical zygapophysical joint

A

slope ineriogly from ant to post at 45°

good at flexion and extension, axial rotation, okay at lateral flexion

82
Q

Throacic Zygapophysical joints

A

slope vertically from ant to post at 60°

limit flexion and extenion, faciliate rotation

83
Q

lumbar zygapophysial joints

A

curved in medial lateral positon

flexion and extsion high, limit all other movement

84
Q

what areas are best for felxion and extension of back?

A

Cervical > Lumbar > thoracic

85
Q

What area is best for rotation?

A

Cervical > Thoracic > lumbar

86
Q

Wjhat area is best for lateral flexion?

A

Cervical > Lumar ~= Thoracic

87
Q

What are the dep muscles of the back?

A

Erector Spinae

Transversospinalis

88
Q

What are the three subtypes of the erector spinae?

A

Spinalis

Logissimus

iliocostalis

89
Q

Erector spinae attachments

A

from scarum, lumbar and thorascic supraspinous ligament, sacrotuberous ligament, to”

costal angles (iliocostalis)

ribs and transver processes (longissimus)

Spinous processes (spinalis)

90
Q

Erector spinae

Action

Innervation

Blood supply

A

Action: extension and lateral flexion

Innervation: drosal rami of spinal nerve

BS: dorsal branches of interconstal, subcostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral arteries

91
Q

What are the subsets of transersospinalis?

A

Semispinalis

Multifudus

Rotatores

92
Q

Semispinalis Attachments

A

from transver process to DISTANT superior spinous process

93
Q

Semispinalis

Action

IN:

BS:

A

ACtion: extnesion, contralateral rotation

IN: dorsal vami of spinal nerves

BS: Dorsal braches of intercostal and lumbar

94
Q

Multifidus and Rotatores Attachments

A

From transverse process to superior spinous process

Multifidus is longer than rotatores

95
Q

Multifidus and rotatores

ACT

IN

BS

A

ACT: stabalizes vertebrae, assist in extnsion and rotation

IN: Dorsal rami of spinal nerve

BS: dorsal branches of intercosal and lumbar

96
Q

Arrange the subtypes of the erector spinae muscles.

A

Medial: Spinalis

Int: Longissimus

Lat: iliocostalis

97
Q

What is 1/2?

What is 5/4?

What is 7/6?

A

1/2: Rotatores

5/4: maltifidus

7/6: semispinalis

98
Q

What type of muscle does the rotatores, multifidus, and semispinalis make up?

A

transversospinalis

99
Q

What is the venous system like in the back?

A

a valvelss azygos system

basics from b-pages/notes (11 decks)

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