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Question 1

Vertebral bodies

Answer 1

Increases in size especially from t4 interior

Question 2

Vertebral Arch

Answer 2

Pericles and laminae

Question 3

Vertebral notches

Answer 3

Inferior and superior

Question 4

Vertebral foramen forms

Answer 4

Vertebral canal

Question 5

Intervertebral discs form

Answer 5

Intervertebral joints

Question 6

Synovial zygapophysial joints

Answer 6

Inferior articular process and superior articular processes

Question 7

IV foramina

Answer 7

Spinal nerve, vessels and spinal ganglia

Question 8

Spinous process

Answer 8

Posterior

Question 9

Vertebral bones have

Answer 9

2 transverse processes

Question 10

Curves of the spine

Answer 10

Cervical lordosis (secondary curvature)
Thoracic kyphosis (primary curvature - developed at the stage of fetal)
Lumbar lordosis (secondary curvature)
Sacral kyphosis (primary curvature - developed at the stage of fetal)

Normal curves in vertebrae - make sure not exaggerated or flat

When lifting, we maintain normal curves in body

Question 11

Intervertebral joints (joints of the vertebral bodies- back)

Answer 11

Formed by bodies of adjacent vertebrae and intervertebral discs
-supported by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments (support the joints- hold together)
IV discs-
-shock absorbers (outer fibrous)
-anulus fibrosis (gelatinous central area)
-Nucleus pulposus (gelatinous central area)
-discs are shock absorbers
-none between c1 and c2; last one at L5-S1 level

Question 12

Clinical : Disc problems

Answer 12

X ray can see if disc is thinning
Degeneration of disc?
Herniated disc - compressed nerve root

Question 13

Zygapophysial joint (facet joint)

Answer 13

Synovial joint : plane - gliding between vertebrae (all vertebrae work together allows our back to do multiple movements)
Formed by inferior and superior articular processes

Accessory ligaments (to support joint)
-ligamenta flava
-supraspinous ligament merges with nuchael ligament superiority
-intertransverse ligaments: connects transverse processes of adjacent vertabrae

Question 14

31 pairs of spinal nerves

Answer 14

7 cervical vertebrae buy 8 pairs of spinal nerves (c1 starts above c1 vertabrae - c1-c8)
Thoracic - 12 pairs
Lumbar - 5 pairs
Sacral nerves - 5 pairs
Coccygeal nerve - 1 pair

Question 15

Enlargements

Answer 15

Cervical - c4-t1 form anterior rami to brachial plexus to UE
Lumbar - L1-S3 form anterior rami to lumbar sacral plexus to LE

Question 16

Craniovertebral Joints

Answer 16

Atlantooccipital joint - connects the skulls occipital bone to the atlas bone

Atlantoaxial joint - pivot joint in the upper neck that connects the first and second cervical vertebrae, known as the atlas and axis

Question 17

Movements of the spine

Answer 17

Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion to the right and left
Rotation to the right and left

Question 18

Intrinsic back muscle

Answer 18

Superficial layer
-> Splenius muscle (innervated by the dorsal ramifications of the spinal nerves)
Nerve supply - posterior rami of spinal nerves
Acting together to extend head and neck
Intermediate layer
-> erector spinae -
Nerve supply - posterior rami of spinal nerves
Extend vertebral column and head, as back is flexed, controlling movement by gradually lengthening their fibers
Acting unilaterally - laterally flex vertebral column