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Anatomy And Medical Imaging > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

How many vertebrae are there?
Give break down

A

33 vertebrae

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3 coccygeal

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2
Q

In between which vertebrae does significat motion occur?

A

The 25 superior vertebrae

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3
Q

What does the sacrum form from?

A

5 sacral vertebrae that fuse in adults

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4
Q

The 4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse at what age and what do they form?

A

Form the coccyx
Approximately 30 years of age

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5
Q

What is the trend in size of vertebra?

A

Gradually become larger upto sacrum and then become smaller towards the apex of the coccyx

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6
Q

Why do vertebrae change size?

A

Increased amount of body weight.

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7
Q

How is weight transfered from vertebral column to pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrum transfers weight to pelvic girdle via the sacro - iliac joints

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8
Q

Why is the Vertebral column flexible?

A

It consists of many small vertebrae

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9
Q

What separates vertebrae

A

IV (intervertebral) disks

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10
Q

What facilitates movement in cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

A

Articulation at facet joints

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11
Q

What is the function of the IV discs?

A

Cushion vertebrae and absorb shocks

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12
Q

What are the 2 components of the IV discs

A

Nucleus pulposus
Anulus fibrosus

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13
Q

What are the typical land marks of a vertebrae?

A

Vertebral body
Vertebral arch
7 processes

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral body?

A

To give strength to the column and support body weight

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15
Q

What are pedicles?

A

Short cylindrical processes that project posteriorly from vertebral body to meet laminae

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16
Q

What is vertebral canal aka?

A

Spinal canal

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17
Q

What does the vertebral canal contain?

A

Spinal cord
Roots of spinal nerves
Meninges
Fat and vessels

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18
Q

What are the 7 processes of a vertebrae?

A

1 spinous process
2 transverse processes
4 articular processes ( 2 superior and 2 inferior)

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the C3 - C6 cervical vertebrae?

A
  • Smallest and lightest vertebrae
  • Spinous processes are short and bifid
  • Transverse processes contain foramina - vertebral arteries pass through to brain
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the C7 vertebra?

A
  • longest spinous process (not bifid)
  • 1st vertebra that can be palpated
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of the C1 vertebra?

A

Atlas

  • Has no body and formed of 2 lateral masses
  • facets articulate with occipital condyles (atlanto-occipital joint)
  • joint allows flexion, extension and lateral moment (no rotation)
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22
Q

What are the characteristics of the C2 vertebra?

A

Axis

  • forms joint with atlas (atlanto-axial joint)
  • joint allows rotation
  • Has upright dens (odontoid processes) that act as pivot
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23
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • 12
  • Larger than cervical vertebrae
  • have 2 costal demi facets (articulating surfaces with head of ribs)
  • ## long spinous processes that hook sharply downwards
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24
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A
  • 5 (L1-L5)
  • Have short, hatchet shaped spinous processes
  • most sturdy of all vertebrae
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25
Q

What are the specialities of the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • Articulate with ribs
  • High degree of rotation permitted here
  • Limited flexion and extension due to spinous processes
  • Spinous processes can be palpated
26
Q

What is the sacrum formed by?

A

Fusion of 5 vertebrae

27
Q

What does the sacrum form posteriorly?

A

Posterior wall of the pelvic cavity

28
Q

What is the Coccyx formed from?

A

Fusion of 4 tiny, irregular shaped vertebrae

29
Q

What is the name for the holes in the sacrum?

A

Anterior sacral foramina

30
Q

What is vertebral body osteoporosis?

A

A common metabolic bone disease that reduces quality of bones

Caused by a net demineralisation of bones - disruption of calcium deposition and resorption

31
Q

What are the most affected areas of osteoporosis?

A

Neck of femur
Body of vertebrae
Metacarpals
Radius

Bones become weakened and can fracture

32
Q

What are the 3 stages of osteoporosis?

A

Early - verticak striations (lines) in bodies

Moderate - Radiolucency (less white, more transparent)

Later - Thoractic kyphosis (excessive curvature of spine) - due to collapsed vertebral bodies

33
Q

What is laminectomy?

A

The surgical extension of spinous process and vertebral laminae/pedicles

34
Q

What is laminectomy used for?

A

Gaining access to the vertebral canal and spinal cord

OR

To receive pressure on spinal cord caused by tumour, herniated disc or bone hypertrophy

35
Q

Disc account for what percentage of the length of the vertebral column?

A

25%

36
Q

What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?
What does it cover/connect?

A

Strong fibrous band

Covers and connects anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs

37
Q

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent and limit?

A

Prevents hyperextension of vertebral column

Only ligament which limits extention

38
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • Narrow and weak band
  • Runs within vertebral canal along posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies
  • Weakly resists hyperextension and helps prevent posterior herniation of the IV disc
39
Q

What movemnent can the cerviacl spine undergo?

A
  • Rotation
  • Flexion / extension
  • Side flexion
40
Q

What movement can the thoracic spine undergo?

A

*Rotation

41
Q

What movement can the lumbar spine undergo?

A
  • Flexion / extension
  • Lateral flexion
42
Q

How many curvatures are there in an adult’s spine?

A

4

43
Q

The cervical and lumbar curvatures are?

A

Lordoses
Concave from posterior view

Secondary curvatures

44
Q

The thoracic and sacral curvatures are?

A

kyphoses
Concave from anterior view

Primary curvatures

45
Q

What is the Herniation of nucleus pulposus (IV discs)

A
  • Protrustion of nucleus pulposus into anulus fibrosis
  • Casues frequent back pain
  • Often happens posterolaterally where anulus fibrosis is thinnest - no support anteriorly or posteriorly by longitudinal ligaments
46
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the back do?

A

Move the upper limbs and ribs

47
Q

What do the Intrinsic muscles of the back do?

A

Move the vertebral column and head
Maintain postire

48
Q

Where are the erector spinae muscles found?

A

Either side of the vertebral column

49
Q

What 3 columns are the intrinsic back muscles divided into?

A
  • Lateral - Iliocostalis
  • Intermediate - Longissimus
  • Medial - Spinalis

(each of these 3 are further split into lumborum, thoracic and cervicis)

50
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • It begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata
  • 45cm in legnth
  • Extends to L1/L2 (shorter than vertebral column)
51
Q

What is the collection of the spinal nerves caled?

A

Cauda equina

52
Q

What is the name of place were spinal cord ends?

A

Conus Medularis

53
Q

How is the spinal cord of a fetal/new born different?

A
  • Different growth of vertebral column and spinal cord during fetal development
  • Spinal cord terminates at L3 in a new-born
54
Q

What is the spinal meninges made up of?

A

*Spinal dura mater
*Spinal arachnoid mater
*Spinal pia mater

55
Q

What is the function of the spinal meninges?

A

They surround and
support the spinal cord and
contain the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

56
Q

What is the dura matter?

A

The outermost covering
membrane of the spinal cord

57
Q

What is the spinal arachnoid matter?

A

A delicate structure that encloses
the CSF filled subarachnoid space

Its separated from pia mater by subarachnoid space (containing CSF)

58
Q

What is the spinal pia matter and what are its characteristics?

A

The innermost covering membrane of the spinal cord

*Thin and transparent
*Continues as the filum terminale
*Suspended in the dural sac by the filum terminale and denticulate ligaments

59
Q

What is a lumbar spinal puncture used for?

A

Withdrawal of CSF from the lumbar cistern (subarachnoid) - used as important diagnostic tool

60
Q

What can alter the cells of the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)?

A

Meningitis and diseases of the central nerous system

Anatomy And Medical Imaging (10 decks)

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