B7.2 Transport in Mammals Flashcards
Differences between veins and arteries
- Veins have a wider cross-section than arteries
- Veins have thinner walls than arteries
- Veins have valves
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall?
Left ventricle
What is the biological name for the windpipe?
Trachea
How many chambers does the heart have?
4
Key components of the human circulatory system
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
Features of white blood cells
- Has a nucleus
- Can change shape
Deoxygenated blood arrives at the lungs from the heart via which artery?
The pulmonary artery
Deoxygenated blood arrives at the heart from the body via which vein?
Vena cava
What are platelets responsible for?
Triggering blood clotting
What do red blood cells contain that binds with oxygen in the lungs?
Haemoglobin
What is the name of the wall that separates the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood?
Septum
Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?
The left ventricle has to pump blood a further distance around the whole body so the blood needs to be under a higher pressure
Why do the ventricles have thicker walls than the atria?
The ventricles need to pump blood all around the body (so further distance) whereas the atria only have to pump blood into the ventricles which is a shorter distance so it can use lower pressure.
The function of the arteries
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
The function of the veins
Veins carry blood into the heart
The function of the capillaries
Capillaries flow close to tissues for exchange
Describe the blood flow through the right side of the heart
- Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava
- The blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
- The ventricle contracts and the blood is pumped out of the heart to the lungs through the semilunar valve to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
Describe the blood flow through the left side of the heart
- Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein, entering the left atrium
- The left atrium contracts and blood moves through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
- The left ventricle contracts and the blood is pumped out through the semilunar valve and into the aorta
Give 3 ways of measuring the heart rate
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Pulse rate
- Listening to the sound of the valves
State the effect of physical exercise on the heart rate
Physical exercise increases the heart rate
Explain the effect of physical exercise on the heart rate
- Muscular contraction requires energy from respiration
- More respiration requires more oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Heart pumps faster to provide more oxygen to the muscles for respiration and to remove carbon dioxide quickly
What is coronary heart disease(CHD)?
When the artery that is providing the heart tissue with blood (the coronary artery) becomes blocked
6 common risk factors of coronary heart disease
- Smoking
- Lack of exercise
- Genetics
- Diet high in saturated fats
- Male
Treatment options for patients with coronary heart disease
- Surgery
- Small tubes called stents can be put into arteries to keep them open.
- Angioplasty is where a small balloon is put in the artery to increase blood flow and break up the blockage. - Drugs
- Aspirin reduces inflammation and prevents blood from clotting
What do stents do?
They are small tubes that are inserted into blood vessels to keep them open
What is angioplasty?
The temporary insertion of a small balloon into an artery to keep it open
Describe the structure of arteries
- Thick walls made of muscles and elastic tissue
- Small lumen to transport blood under high pressure
Describe the structure of capillaries
- Thin walls (about one cell thick) to allow easy exchange of substances at the tissues
Describe the structure of the veins
- Thin walls
- Large lumen to transport blood at a lower pressure
- Has valves to prevent backflow
The artery that provides the lungs with blood
The pulmonary artery
Name the vein that takes blood away from the lungs
The pulmonary vein
The main artery that takes blood away from the heart
The aorta
The main vein that takes blood away from the body
The vena cava
The main artery that takes blood to the kidneys
The renal artery
The main vein that takes blood away from the kidneys
The renal vein
State 3 substances that move across the wall of the blood vessel
- Oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
- Glucose
- Water
- Amino acids
The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood into the heart
Pulmonary vein
The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood into the heart
Vena cava
The blood vessel that carries blood away from the right side of the heart and into the lungs
Pulmonary artery
The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
Aorta
