B6 - Preventing & Treating Disease ✅ Flashcards
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Monoclonal
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laboratory-produced molecules made to serve as substitute antibodies that can restore or mimic the immune system’s attack on cells that aren’t wanted, such as cancer cells.
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Antibody
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Protein molecule made by white blood cells to fight
pathogens. Each antibody has a specific active site which connects to a pathogen
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©Antigen
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A molecule found on the surface of cells (or viruses), often
made of protein. Antibodies, if they are the right sort,bind
to antigens
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Lymphocyte
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Type of white blood cell that makes antibodies.
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Non-spesific defences
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defences that prevent pathogens from entering the body.
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How does the nose defend the body?
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The nose has hairs and mucus to trap microorganisms so they don’t get any further into the body
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How does the skin defend the body?
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the bodies largest organ .Our main barrier against pathogens getting in.
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How do the trachea and bronchi defend the body ?
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They also contain mucus. This traps microorganisms that are breathed in, and the mucus, again, can be swallowed harmlessly.
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How does the stomach defend the body?
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The stomach produces hydrochloric acid at pH 2, which kills most microorganisms that are
swallowed.
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what is phagosytosis?
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The engulfing and digesting of pathogens
by white blood cells, destroying the pathogens.
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what are antibodies?
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White blood cells produce chemical antibodies that bind to pathogens and destroy them.These are specific, meaning only one particular antibodytype will bind to one particular pathogen.
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what is an Active site?
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The active site of an antibody is the part that has a spesific pattern that connects to a pathogen.
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what is the lock and key theory?
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The theory represents how the antibody and the antigen connect together .
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what does “Denature” mean?
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the active site of antibodies can get denatured ( loose its spesific shape)
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What factors denature a cell?
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- the PH
- the temprature
- consentration
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What is a placebo?
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A placebo is when a patient is gaven a fake version of a drug ,to rule out any expected side effects
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Single-blind drug trial
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in this study, only the participants are blinded.
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Double-blind drug trial
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both participants and experimenters are blinded
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How are drugs tested on people?
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- Clinical trials are tests on humans. new drugs are given in very low doses to healthy volunteers, to check that they are not toxic and don’t cause major side
effects. - If the drug is safe, clinical trials using people with the disease take place
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What is asprin made from?
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Aspirin, is a painkiller that was first extracted from the bark of Willow trees.
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Antibiotics
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Antibiotics treat bacterial diseases only, because they kill pathogenic bacteria in the body. . Antibiotics are specific – so you need to use the right antibiotic to kill the particular bacteria that has infected you.
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What is penecillin derived from?
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Fungus
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How was the first antibiotic discovered?
(4 marker)
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- have only been produced since the 1940s
- discovered by Alexander Fleming
- He found that a fungus called Penicillium worked to kill bacteria he was growing in an agar plate.
- He soon identified that the mould produced a self-defence chemical that could kill bacteria.
(In 1928 Dr Alexander Fleming returned from a holiday to find mould growing on a Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria)
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How does a bacteria become resistant?
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When an antibiotic is over prescribed the bacteria becomes imune
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What are benefits of vaccination ?
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It stops the vaccinated individual from getting ill and it helps prevent the spread of communicable diseases.
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What are plant defences against disease
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- Cellulose cell walls
- The tough waxy cuticles on theirleaves
- Layers of dead cells (e.g. bark) around stems that can be shed (fall off)
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What are some physical plant adaptions for defence?
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- Thorns and hairs to deter animals from eating them
- Leaves which droop or curl up when they aretouched
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What are some chemical plant adaptions for defence?
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Plants also have chemical defences, including:
* Antibacterial chemicals
* Poisons to stop herbivorous animals from eating them
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