B6 - Preventing & Treating Disease ✅

Question 1

Monoclonal

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Answer 1

laboratory-produced molecules made to serve as substitute antibodies that can restore or mimic the immune system’s attack on cells that aren’t wanted, such as cancer cells.

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Question 2

Antibody

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Answer 2

Protein molecule made by white blood cells to fight
pathogens. Each antibody has a specific active site which connects to a pathogen

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Question 3

©Antigen

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Answer 3

A molecule found on the surface of cells (or viruses), often
made of protein. Antibodies, if they are the right sort,bind
to antigens

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Question 4

Lymphocyte

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Answer 4

Type of white blood cell that makes antibodies.

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Question 5

Non-spesific defences

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Answer 5

defences that prevent pathogens from entering the body.

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Question 6

How does the nose defend the body?

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Answer 6

The nose has hairs and mucus to trap microorganisms so they don’t get any further into the body

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Question 7

How does the skin defend the body?

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Answer 7

the bodies largest organ .Our main barrier against pathogens getting in.

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Question 8

How do the trachea and bronchi defend the body ?

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Answer 8

They also contain mucus. This traps microorganisms that are breathed in, and the mucus, again, can be swallowed harmlessly.

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Question 9

How does the stomach defend the body?

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Answer 9

The stomach produces hydrochloric acid at pH 2, which kills most microorganisms that are
swallowed.

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Question 10

what is phagosytosis?

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Answer 10

The engulfing and digesting of pathogens
by white blood cells, destroying the pathogens.

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Question 11

what are antibodies?

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Answer 11

White blood cells produce chemical antibodies that bind to pathogens and destroy them.These are specific, meaning only one particular antibodytype will bind to one particular pathogen.

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Question 12

what is an Active site?

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Answer 12

The active site of an antibody is the part that has a spesific pattern that connects to a pathogen.

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Question 13

what is the lock and key theory?

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Answer 13

The theory represents how the antibody and the antigen connect together .

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Question 14

what does “Denature” mean?

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Answer 14

the active site of antibodies can get denatured ( loose its spesific shape)

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Question 15

What factors denature a cell?

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Answer 15

• the PH
• the temprature
• consentration

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Question 16

What is a placebo?

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Answer 16

A placebo is when a patient is gaven a fake version of a drug ,to rule out any expected side effects

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Question 17

Single-blind drug trial

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Answer 17

in this study, only the participants are blinded.

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Question 18

Double-blind drug trial

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Answer 18

both participants and experimenters are blinded

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Question 19

How are drugs tested on people?

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Answer 19

• Clinical trials are tests on humans. new drugs are given in very low doses to healthy volunteers, to check that they are not toxic and don’t cause major side
  effects.
• If the drug is safe, clinical trials using people with the disease take place

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Question 20

What is asprin made from?

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Answer 20

Aspirin, is a painkiller that was first extracted from the bark of Willow trees.

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Question 21

Antibiotics

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Answer 21

Antibiotics treat bacterial diseases only, because they kill pathogenic bacteria in the body. . Antibiotics are specific – so you need to use the right antibiotic to kill the particular bacteria that has infected you.

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Question 22

What is penecillin derived from?

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Answer 22

Fungus

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Question 23

How was the first antibiotic discovered?

(4 marker)

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Answer 23

• have only been produced since the 1940s
• discovered by Alexander Fleming
• He found that a fungus called Penicillium worked to kill bacteria he was growing in an agar plate.
• He soon identified that the mould produced a self-defence chemical that could kill bacteria.

(In 1928 Dr Alexander Fleming returned from a holiday to find mould growing on a Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria)

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Question 24

How does a bacteria become resistant?

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Answer 24

When an antibiotic is over prescribed the bacteria becomes imune

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Question 25

What are benefits of vaccination ?

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Answer 25

It stops the vaccinated individual from getting ill and it helps prevent the spread of communicable diseases.

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Question 26

What are plant defences against disease

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Answer 26

• Cellulose cell walls
• The tough waxy cuticles on theirleaves
• Layers of dead cells (e.g. bark) around stems that can be shed (fall off)

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Question 27

What are some physical plant adaptions for defence?

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Answer 27

• Thorns and hairs to deter animals from eating them
• Leaves which droop or curl up when they aretouched

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Question 28

What are some chemical plant adaptions for defence?

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Answer 28

Plants also have chemical defences, including:
* Antibacterial chemicals
* Poisons to stop herbivorous animals from eating them

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