B1 - Cell Structure & Transport ✅ Flashcards
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What is a cell?
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The basic unit of all forms of life
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What is a eukaryotic cell?
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A cell with its genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
E.g. Plant and animal cells
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What is a prokaryotic cell?
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A cell that does not have a nucleus to enclose its genetic material
E.g. A bacterial cell
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What is a cell membrane?
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The border of all types of cell
Other: Controls the movement of substances into and out of a cell
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What is a sub-cellular structure?
What is an organelle? 🤔
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A part of a cell
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What is a nucleus?
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The enclosure for genetic material found in plant and animal cells
Other: Controls the activities of a cell
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What is cytoplasm?
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A jelly-like substance where a cell’s chemical reactions take place
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What are mitochondria?
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Sub-cellular structures in cells where aerobic respiration occurs
Other: The powerhouse of a cell
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What is a ribosome?
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A sub-cellular structure in a cell where proteins are synthesised [or made]
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What is a chloroplast?
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A sub-cellular structure responsible for carrying out photosynthesis
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What is a permanent vacuole?
What is a vacuole? 🤔
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A sub-cellular structure in a cell that is filled with sap
Other: A store of nutrients for a cell
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What is a cell wall?
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- A sub-cellular structure that is never found in an animal cell
- Made of cellulose
- Found on the outside of the cell membrane
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What is DNA?
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The molecule that holds genetic information in a cell
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What shape is DNA in eukaryotic cells?
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A linear strand
Other: A double helix structure
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What shape is DNA in prokaryotic cells?
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A loop
Other: The shape of a plasmid
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What is a plasmid?
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A small loop of extra DNA only found in prokaryotic cells
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Define multicellular.
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An organism that is made up of lots of cells
E.g. Animals and plants
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What is a specialised cell?
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Cells that have a particular function
E.g. Sperm cells or nerve cells
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Define tissue.
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A group of cells with similar structures and functions
Other: A group of specialised cells
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What is an organ?
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A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function
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What is an organ system?
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A group of organs working together to perform a specific function
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What is an organism?
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A group of organs working together to contribue to survival
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What is a light microscope?
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A tool that can identify, observe, and magnify objects by transmitting light through a string of lenses
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What is magnification?
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The measure of how much a microscope can enlarge the object you are viewing through it
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What is resolution?
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The measure of the level of detail you can observe with a microscope
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What is an electron microscope?
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A type of microscope with a higher magnification and resolution than a light microscope
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What is the equation for magnification?
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Magnification = Size of Image/Size of Real Object
Other: Magnification = Image Size/Actual Size
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What is diffusion?
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The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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Does diffusion require energy?
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No
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What is a concentration gradient?
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The difference in concentration of a substance between two places
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What is surface area to volume ratio?
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The surface area divided by the volume of an organism, organ, or cell
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What is a diffusion pathway?
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The distance over which a substance must diffuse
E.g. A thin wall or membrane
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What is osmosis?
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The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution, across a partially permeable membrane
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What is active transport?
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The movement of substances against the concentration gradient - from lower to higher concentration
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Does active transport require energy?
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Yes
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Where does the process of active transport gain energy from?
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Respiration
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What is the small intestine?
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An organ in the digestive system where products of digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream
Other: Absorbs nutrients, salts, and water into the bloodstream
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What are the lungs?
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The organs in mammals where gas exhange takes place
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What are gills?
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The organs in fish where gas exhange occurs
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What are leaves [in terms of respiration]?
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The plant organs responsible for gas exchange in a plant
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What is ventilation?
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The technical term for breathing in and out
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Through what process are cells specialised?
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Cell differentiation
Other: Differentiation
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What is the use of a microscope called?
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Microscopy
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What is the rate of diffusion affected by?
Hint: There are three factors
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- The steepness of the concentration gradient
- The temperature (a higher temperature increases the rate of diffusion as particles have more kinetic energy)
- The surface area of the membrane (a larger surface area of cell membrane increases the rate of diffusion into and out of a cell)
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To be effective at exchanging substances, an exchange surface must have…
Hint: An exchange surface must have two such features
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- Large surface area
- Short diffusion pathway
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