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AQA Biology GCSE > B4 - Organising Animals & Plants ✅ > Flashcards

B4 - Organising Animals & Plants ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the ventricles?

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A

The larger chambers of the heart

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2
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

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A

The lungs

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3
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

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A

Around the whole body

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4
Q

What are the atria?

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A

The smaller chambers of the heart

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5
Q

What do the atria do?

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A

They fill up with blood from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein, then pump this blood into the ventricles

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6
Q

What is the aorta?

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A

The artery leaving the left ventricle; it branches off to supply every cell of the body with blood

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7
Q

What is the vena cava?

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A

The major vein transporting blood from the whole body back to the right atrium, in the heart

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8
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

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A

The blood vessel leaving the right ventricle

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9
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery transport blood to?

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A

The lungs

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10
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

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A

The vein leading from the lungs back to the left atrium, in the heart

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11
Q

What is an artery?

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A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart at a relatively high pressure

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12
Q

What is a capillary?

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A

A very small, thin-walled blood vessel, where the exchange of substances between the blood and body cells takes place

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13
Q

What is a vein?

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A

A blood vessel that returns blood to the heart at a relatively low pressure

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14
Q

Which is the only blood vessel that contains valves?

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A

Veins

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15
Q

What is plasma?

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A

The liquid part of the blood

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16
Q

What is plasma made up of?

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A

Mostly water, but with substances such as glucose, protein, ions, and carbon dioxide dissolved in it

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17
Q

What are red blood cells?

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A

Disc-shaped cells that contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen, and therefore transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the body

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18
Q

What are white blood cells?

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A

Cells in the blood that fight infection(s) caused by pathogen(s)

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19
Q

What are platelets?

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A

Fragments of cells that cause the clotting of blood at the site of a wound, in order to reduce blood loss from the body

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20
Q

What is a blood clot?

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A

A solid clump of blood, formed when there is an injury

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21
Q

What is epidermal tissue?

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A

A type of plant tissue that covers the surface of a plant

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22
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll?

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A

A tissue in the leaf of a plant wherein photosynthesis occurs

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23
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

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A

A tissue in the leaf of a plant with air spaces between cells

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24
Q

What is the role of the spongy mesophyll in a plant?

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A

To carry out gas exchange for the plant

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25
Q

What is the xylem?

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A

A narrow tube that spans through the roots, stem, and leaves of a plant

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26
Q

What does the xylem transport around a plant, and from where?

Hint: Two things

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A

Water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves of a plant

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27
Q

What is the phloem?

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A

A tube that runs alongside the xylem

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28
Q

What does the phloem transport around a plant; what is the name of this process of transportation?

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A

Sugars and dissolved water; translocation

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29
Q

What is meristem tissue?

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A

A type of tissue found at the growing tips of the roots and shoots of a plant

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30
Q

What does the meristem tissue contain?

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A

Stem cells

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31
Q

What are guard cells?

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A

Cells that are paired, that form the stomata on leaves (the holes through which gases are exhanged by a plant)

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32
Q

What do guard cells do to stomata?

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A

Open or close it, as required by the plant

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33
Q

What is transpiration?

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A

The process by which plants lose water, in the form of water vapour, from the stomata in its leaves

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34
Q

What type of circulatory system do mammals have?

Hint: Single or double?

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A

A double circulatory system

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35
Q

What is the body’s natural resting heart rate controlled by?

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A

A group of cells in the right atrium, that act as a natural pacemaker

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36
Q

What type of circulatory system do fish have?

Hint: Single or double?

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A

A single circulatory system

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37
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

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A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries

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38
Q

How many cells thick are capillaries?

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A

One cell thick

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39
Q

When you breathe in, what muscles in your body contract?

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A

Your diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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40
Q

Is the blood a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system?

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A

A tissue

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41
Q

Why do red blood cells have a concave shape?

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A

To increase its surface area, to be able to carry more oxygen around the body

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42
Q

Can white blood cells change shape?

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A

Yes

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43
Q

What factors speed up the rate of transpiration?

Hint: There are four factors

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A
  1. A high temperature (since water molecules have more kinetic energy, hence diffusion out of the stomata is faster)
  2. Low humidity (since there is a steeper concentration gradient if the air outside the plant is relatively drier than the air in the airspaces)
  3. Higher air flow/wind (since this constantly refreshes the concentration gradient, as water vapour is blown away from the leaves)
  4. Higher light intensity (this increases the rate of photosynthesis, which uses water, so water flows more rapidly up through the plant)

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44
Q

What is the xylem made up of?

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A

Hollow tubes

Other: The cell walls of dead cells

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45
Q

What substance is the xylem strengthened by?

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A

Lignin

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46
Q

What is the phloem made up of?

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A

Living cells

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AQA Biology GCSE (18 decks)

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