B4 - Organising Animals & Plants ✅ Flashcards
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What are the ventricles?
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The larger chambers of the heart
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Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
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The lungs
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Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
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Around the whole body
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What are the atria?
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The smaller chambers of the heart
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What do the atria do?
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They fill up with blood from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein, then pump this blood into the ventricles
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What is the aorta?
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The artery leaving the left ventricle; it branches off to supply every cell of the body with blood
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What is the vena cava?
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The major vein transporting blood from the whole body back to the right atrium, in the heart
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What is the pulmonary artery?
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The blood vessel leaving the right ventricle
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Where does the pulmonary artery transport blood to?
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The lungs
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What is the pulmonary vein?
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The vein leading from the lungs back to the left atrium, in the heart
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What is an artery?
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A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart at a relatively high pressure
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What is a capillary?
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A very small, thin-walled blood vessel, where the exchange of substances between the blood and body cells takes place
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What is a vein?
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A blood vessel that returns blood to the heart at a relatively low pressure
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Which is the only blood vessel that contains valves?
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Veins
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What is plasma?
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The liquid part of the blood
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What is plasma made up of?
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Mostly water, but with substances such as glucose, protein, ions, and carbon dioxide dissolved in it
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What are red blood cells?
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Disc-shaped cells that contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen, and therefore transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the body
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What are white blood cells?
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Cells in the blood that fight infection(s) caused by pathogen(s)
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What are platelets?
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Fragments of cells that cause the clotting of blood at the site of a wound, in order to reduce blood loss from the body
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What is a blood clot?
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A solid clump of blood, formed when there is an injury
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What is epidermal tissue?
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A type of plant tissue that covers the surface of a plant
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What is the palisade mesophyll?
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A tissue in the leaf of a plant wherein photosynthesis occurs
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What is the spongy mesophyll?
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A tissue in the leaf of a plant with air spaces between cells
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What is the role of the spongy mesophyll in a plant?
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To carry out gas exchange for the plant
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What is the xylem?
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A narrow tube that spans through the roots, stem, and leaves of a plant
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What does the xylem transport around a plant, and from where?
Hint: Two things
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Water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves of a plant
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What is the phloem?
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A tube that runs alongside the xylem
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What does the phloem transport around a plant; what is the name of this process of transportation?
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Sugars and dissolved water; translocation
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What is meristem tissue?
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A type of tissue found at the growing tips of the roots and shoots of a plant
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What does the meristem tissue contain?
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Stem cells
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What are guard cells?
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Cells that are paired, that form the stomata on leaves (the holes through which gases are exhanged by a plant)
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What do guard cells do to stomata?
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Open or close it, as required by the plant
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What is transpiration?
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The process by which plants lose water, in the form of water vapour, from the stomata in its leaves
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What type of circulatory system do mammals have?
Hint: Single or double?
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A double circulatory system
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What is the body’s natural resting heart rate controlled by?
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A group of cells in the right atrium, that act as a natural pacemaker
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What type of circulatory system do fish have?
Hint: Single or double?
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A single circulatory system
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What are the three types of blood vessels?
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- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
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How many cells thick are capillaries?
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One cell thick
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When you breathe in, what muscles in your body contract?
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Your diaphragm and intercostal muscles
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Is the blood a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system?
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A tissue
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Why do red blood cells have a concave shape?
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To increase its surface area, to be able to carry more oxygen around the body
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Can white blood cells change shape?
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Yes
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What factors speed up the rate of transpiration?
Hint: There are four factors
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- A high temperature (since water molecules have more kinetic energy, hence diffusion out of the stomata is faster)
- Low humidity (since there is a steeper concentration gradient if the air outside the plant is relatively drier than the air in the airspaces)
- Higher air flow/wind (since this constantly refreshes the concentration gradient, as water vapour is blown away from the leaves)
- Higher light intensity (this increases the rate of photosynthesis, which uses water, so water flows more rapidly up through the plant)
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What is the xylem made up of?
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Hollow tubes
Other: The cell walls of dead cells
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What substance is the xylem strengthened by?
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Lignin
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What is the phloem made up of?
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Living cells
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