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Biology > B6 > Flashcards

B6 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do vaccines work

A

-Inactive forms of pathogen are injected
-White blood cells produce anti bodies
-memory cells are made

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2
Q

What is herd immunity

A

Where most of the population is immune to a pathogen.

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3
Q

What do anti biotics do

A

Kill bacteria

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4
Q

Why do anti biotics not kill viruses

A

As viruses live and reproduce inside cells so this can damage other healthy cells

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5
Q

What do pain killers do

A

Used to treat symptoms but not kill pathogen

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6
Q

Why are scientists worried about antibiotics

A

Some bacteria have evolved to resist some anti biotics

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7
Q

Who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander fleming

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8
Q

Where is penicillin from

A

Penicillium

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9
Q

Where is aspirin found

A

Bark of willow tree

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10
Q

What is the plant that strengthens heart beat

A

Foxglove

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11
Q

What is a lymphocyte

A

A white blood cell which releases anti bodies

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12
Q

What is an antigen

A

Places where anti bodies bind to on outside of microbes

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13
Q

What is a phagocyte

A

A white blood cell that engulfs pathogens

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14
Q

What drug does the foxglove produce

A

Digitalis and digoxin

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15
Q

What are the 3 main criteria’s for producing drugs

A

Efficacy - how well it works
Toxicity - how harmful is it
Dose - how much of it is needed

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16
Q

What is a double blind trial

A

Some patients given a placebo
Some are given real drug
Neither the patient or doctor knows which one they have been given

17
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody

A

Identical copies of one type of antibody

18
Q

What is a hybridoma

A

Cells that multiply indefinetly in the lab and can be used to produce specific antibodies

19
Q

What are the stages of producing monoclonal antibodies

A

A mouse injected with antigen
Whiteboood cells extracted from mouse
Myeloma cells grow rapidly
Hybridoma cells produce same anti body

20
Q

what is the first stage of testing drugs

A

test it on human cells in the lab but doesn’t tell us much about the rest of the organism

21
Q

what is the second stage of testing drugs

A

test drug on live animals such as mice which shows us the toxicity and efficacy of the drug

22
Q

what is the third stage of testing drugs

A

give drugs in small doses to healthy volunteers and slowly increase dose

23
Q

what is the reason for the third stage of testing drugs

A

to find the max dosage without side effects

Biology (19 decks)

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