B6 Flashcards
How do vaccines work
-Inactive forms of pathogen are injected
-White blood cells produce anti bodies
-memory cells are made
What is herd immunity
Where most of the population is immune to a pathogen.
What do anti biotics do
Kill bacteria
Why do anti biotics not kill viruses
As viruses live and reproduce inside cells so this can damage other healthy cells
What do pain killers do
Used to treat symptoms but not kill pathogen
Why are scientists worried about antibiotics
Some bacteria have evolved to resist some anti biotics
Who discovered penicillin
Alexander fleming
Where is penicillin from
Penicillium
Where is aspirin found
Bark of willow tree
What is the plant that strengthens heart beat
Foxglove
What is a lymphocyte
A white blood cell which releases anti bodies
What is an antigen
Places where anti bodies bind to on outside of microbes
What is a phagocyte
A white blood cell that engulfs pathogens
What drug does the foxglove produce
Digitalis and digoxin
What are the 3 main criteria’s for producing drugs
Efficacy - how well it works
Toxicity - how harmful is it
Dose - how much of it is needed
What is a double blind trial
Some patients given a placebo
Some are given real drug
Neither the patient or doctor knows which one they have been given
What is a monoclonal antibody
Identical copies of one type of antibody
What is a hybridoma
Cells that multiply indefinetly in the lab and can be used to produce specific antibodies
What are the stages of producing monoclonal antibodies
A mouse injected with antigen
Whiteboood cells extracted from mouse
Myeloma cells grow rapidly
Hybridoma cells produce same anti body
what is the first stage of testing drugs
test it on human cells in the lab but doesn’t tell us much about the rest of the organism
what is the second stage of testing drugs
test drug on live animals such as mice which shows us the toxicity and efficacy of the drug
what is the third stage of testing drugs
give drugs in small doses to healthy volunteers and slowly increase dose
what is the reason for the third stage of testing drugs
to find the max dosage without side effects
