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Biology GCSE OCR Gateway B > B5 - The Living Body > Flashcards

B5 - The Living Body Flashcards

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1
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where are proteases active?

A

Stomach and small intestine.

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2
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

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3
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What antibodies do blood group A have?

A

Anti-B

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4
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why do the cilia beat?

A

To push microbe filled mucus out of the lungs as phlegm

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5
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the 2 ways doctors can measure heart function?

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram

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6
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to muscles during inspiration?

A

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing volume of thorax which expands lungs and decreases pressure inside - draws air in.

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7
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Which groups can group O donate blood to?

A

Anyone

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8
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How is blood prevented form flowing in the opposite direction?

A

Atrioventricular and semilunar valves.

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9
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that can trigger a response from a person’s immune system

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10
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are examples of ball and socket joints?

A

Shoulder. Hip.

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11
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to pull the lower arm upwards?

A

Biceps contract

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12
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why is the stomach acidic?

A

Provides optimum pH for protease enzymes to work

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13
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is one of the main problems with organ transplants?

A

Immune system can recognise new organ as foreign and attack it - rejection

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14
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do the letters refer to in blood types?

A

Type of antigen on surface of red blood cells

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15
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What three measurements are taken to monitor baby growth?

A

Length, mass and head size

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16
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to large insoluble molecules in the digestive system and why?

A

Broken down into small soluble molecules so they can be absorbed into blood plasma or lymph

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17
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does the human respiratory tract consist of?

A

Trachea and bronchi

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18
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is needed for IVF?

A

Sperm, eggs and a healthy uterus

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19
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How is sugar reabsorbed in the Kinsey nephron?

A

Using active transport

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20
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How often does dialysis have to be done and why?

A

Regularly. To keep dissolved substances at the right concentrations and remove waste.

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21
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens when the heart contracts?

A

Blood pushed around. Flows away from heart along arteries, through capillaries and back to heart via veins

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22
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the pH like in the stomach?

A

Very acidic (1-2)

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23
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why do small intestines have a big SA?

A

For absorption

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24
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How is asthma treated?

A

Inhalers and some people take drugs to prevent attacks, but no cure.

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25
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What moves throughout the permeable membrane of a dialysis machine?

A

Waste substances like urea and excess water moves from blood into dialysis fluid.

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26
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does the human respiratory tract consist of?

A

Trachea and bronchi

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27
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does an ovary transplant involve?

A

Relatively new and rare procedure to transplant a healthy ovary from someone else.

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28
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to muscles during expiration?

A

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, thorax volume decreases and pressure in lungs increase, forcing air out.

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29
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do animals with gills have?

A

Single circulatory system - 1 circuit of blood vessels from heart.

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30
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What antibodies do blood group AB have?

A

None

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31
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens during stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation starts. Uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days

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32
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How are bones at synovial joints held together?

A

By ligaments

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33
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What constantly flows through the open mouth of a fish?

A

Oxygen rich water which is then forced over gill filaments when mouth closes.

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34
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does bile help with?

A

Fat digestion in small intestine

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35
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains lining of uterus. When levels of progesterone falls, lining breaks down. Inhibits production of LH

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36
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is bone marrow?

A

Spongy substance that makes new blood cells

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37
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How do glucose and amino acids get into blood plasma and why?

A

Diffuse into blood plasma because they are small enough

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38
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What 3 things determine the concentration and amount of urine?

A

Heat, exercise and water intake

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39
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to products which are not reabsorbed by the kidneys?

A

Continue out of the nephron, into ureter and down to the bladder as urine

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40
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What may damage to heart valves cause?

A

Valves to not open properly, causing high blood pressure. May even allow blood to flow in both directions so blood doesn’t circulate as effectively as normal.

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41
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the 2nd stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atria contract, pushing blood into ventricles. Semilunar valves closed. Atrioventricular valves open.

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42
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What moves in and out of the amphibians permeable skin?

A

Oxygen moves in. Carbon dioxide out.

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43
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where are lipases active?

A

Small intestine

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44
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What range of pH does bile have?

A

Alkaline

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45
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What 4 ways can infertility be treated?

A

Artificial insemination (AI), FSH injections, In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), ovary transplants

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46
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens when someone shows symptoms of an asthma attack?

A

Muscle relaxant drug is inhaled (from inhaler) to open airways.

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47
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do multicellular organisms need in order to transport materials efficiently?

A

Blood circulatory system

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48
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to carbon dioxide and the alveolus?

A

It diffuses out of blood into alveolus to get breathed out

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49
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is cartilage?

A

Living tissue (rubbery)

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50
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can blood plasma contain?

A

Anti-A or anti-B antibodies

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51
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is an echocardiogram?

A

Ultrasound scan of heart

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52
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the 3rd stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricles contract forcing blood into aorta and pulmonary artery. Semilunar valves open. Atrioventricular valves close automatically.

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53
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What antigens do blood group A have?

A

A

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54
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What antigens do blood group O have?

A

None

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55
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the symptoms of an asthma attack?

A

Difficulty breathing, wheezing and tight chest

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56
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How do muscles move bones at a joint?

A

Contracting (can only pull, not push)

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57
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do lipases break down?

A

Fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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58
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the middle of a long bone filled with?

A

Bone marrow

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59
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a pacemaker do?

A

Tells heart how fast to beat (pacemakers are a group of cells)

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60
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where is bile made?

A

Liver

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61
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can red blood cells have on their surface?

A

A or B antigens (or neither or both)

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62
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can women who miscarry still have a baby?

A

Fertilised egg can be implanted into surrogate mother who gives birth to their baby

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63
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does FSH do?

A

Cause egg to develop in one ovary. Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen.

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64
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What problems come with a longer life expectancy?

A

Shortages of housing and more environmental problems.

More old people and pensions are needed.

Older people have more medical conditions and their care is paid for by the taxpayer.

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65
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the 3 stages as blood passes through kidneys?

A

Ultrafiltration, reabsoption, release of wastes

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66
Q

B5 - The Living Body

When do doctors worry about a baby and its growth?

A

If size is above 98th percentile or below 2nd percentile. Or if there are inconsistent patterns.

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67
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How are asthmatics’ lungs different?

A

Overly sensitive to certain things

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68
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What did Claudius Galen do to investigate the heart?

A

Cut up animals to study them. Knew about chambers of heart. Thought arterial blood was made by heart, while blood in veins was made by liver, sucked through veins by heart and consumed by organs.

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69
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does ADH control?

A

Amount and concentration of urine

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70
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to blood when it reaches body cells which need oxygen?

A

It is released from red blood cells and diffuses into body cells

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71
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What mechanism affects hormone production in the menstrual cycle?

A

Negative feedback

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72
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a kidney dialysis machine do?

A

Filter a patients blood while they wait for a kidney transplant

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73
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the 4th stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Blood flows along arteries, atria refill. Cycle repeats.

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74
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What other ethical concerns are there about organ donation?

A

People worry doctors might not save critically ill if organs are needed - safeguards in place. People may get pressured into being living donor - doctors make sure it is personal choice.

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75
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is ovulation?

A

Happens at day 14 and is the development and release of an egg

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76
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are bones made up of?

A

Living tissue/cells

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77
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can you tell if a person is still growing?

A

Look at how much cartilage is present - lot = still growing

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78
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to carbon dioxide at body cells?

A

Diffuses out of body cells and into blood which is carried back to lungs

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79
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does the brain monitor (kidneys)?

A

Water content of blood

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80
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens when the brain detects water loss?

A

Pituitary gland releases more ADH and the ADH makes kidneys reabsorb more water

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81
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why is the 4 chambered heart important?

A

Pump separately to lungs and body. Important to maintain high pressure.

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82
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How do ball and socket joints move?

A

All directions and rotate.

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83
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do lungs contain millions of?

A

Little air sacs called alveoli

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84
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does amniocentesis involve?

A

Using long needle to remove some fluid surrounding baby. Contains skin cells from baby and chromosomes can be analysed.

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85
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why do unborn babies not need a double circulatory system?

A

Get oxygen from mother (placenta) - blood doesn’t need to go to lungs.

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86
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What 4 hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

Oestrogen.

Progesterone.

Luteinising hormone (LH)

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87
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does water help the gills of a fish?

A

Supports gills and keeps filaments separated from each other and prevent sticking together/suffocation

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88
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does oestrogen do?

A

Cause lining of uterus to repair. Stimulates production of LH. Inhibits production of FSH.

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89
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the sequence of events in one complete heartbeat called?

A

Cardiac cycle

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90
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How are bones attached to muscles?

A

By tendons

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91
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How do the kidneys perform their roles?

A

By filtering the blood under high pressure and then reabsorbing useful things

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92
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is a lifestyle choice which can cause lung disease?

A

Smoking

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93
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens when the brain detects water gain?

A

Pituitary gland releases less ADH and the lack of ADH means kidneys reabsorb less water

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94
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a heart-lung machine do?

A

Keep a patients blood oxygenated and pumping during heart or lung surgery.

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95
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does the 50th percentile mean?

A

Mass that 50% of babies will reached at a certain age

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96
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can CHD cause?

A

Reduced blood flow to heart muscle often results in heart attack.

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97
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Lubricate joints, allowing easier movement

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98
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the lungs particularly prone to?

A

Infections because they’re dead end and microbes can’t get flushed out easily.

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99
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

Ovaries

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100
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Which groups can group A receive blood from?

A

A and O

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101
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What else apart from exercise can affect heart rate?

A

Hormones e.g. Adrenaline - increases heart rate to ensure muscles have plenty of oxygen.

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102
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can doctors measure lung capacity?

A

Using a spirometer

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103
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates ovulation at day 14 and indirectly stimulates progesterone production.

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104
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can a spirometer help diagnose?

A

Diagnose and monitor lung disease

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105
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Which groups can group AB donate blood to?

A

Only AB

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106
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why do patients with kidney failure use dialysis?

A

They can’t filter their blood properly

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107
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the main type of joint in the body?

A

Synovial joints

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108
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does dialysis contain and how much is there?

A

Same concentration of sodium and glucose as blood plasma, meaning they aren’t from blood.

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109
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where is FSH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

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110
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is different about the heart in single circulatory system?

A

2 chambers - 1 receives blood - 1 pumps blood out to gills and body.

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111
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the disadvantage of artificial parts in the heart?

A

Might not last very long and may need replacing.

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112
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do your muscles need when you exercise and what does this do to the heart?

A

Need more oxygen to work harder, so you breathe faster and heart pumps faster to deliver more oxygenated blood to muscles.

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113
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why is exercise important in determining the size an adult reaches?

A

Builds muscle and weight-bearing exercise can increase bone mass. It also stimulates release of growth hormone

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114
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the advantage of using artificial valves and pacemakers?

A

Rejection isn’t an issue. Made from metals/plastics which body doesn’t recognise as foreign like it does with tissue.

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115
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why are long bones hollow?

A

Makes movement more efficient - lighter and stronger than solid bone of same mass).

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116
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is CHD?

A

When coronary arteries supplying blood to heart get blocked by fatty deposits.

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117
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can severe valve damage be treated?

A

Replace valve with an artificial one

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118
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Which groups can group A donate blood to?

A

A and AB

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119
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does bile break down fat?

A

Breaks into tiny droplets and gives a bigger SA for lipase enzymes to work on.

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120
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What cell secretes mucus?

A

Goblet cell

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121
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is different about the heart in a double circulatory system?

A

4 chambers - 2 circuits - 1 to body - 1 to lungs.

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122
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can valves in the heart get damaged?

A

By heart attacks, infection or old age

123
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the 1st stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Blood flows into 2 atria. Semilunar valves closed. atrioventricular valves open.

124
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the advantages of an internal skeleton?

A

Grows easily with body. Attach muscles easily. More flexible. Gives support (framework).

125
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do the products of fat digestion do?

A

Diffuse out of the gut and into fluid called lymph in lymphatic system, where they are emptied into blood. Nutrients travel to areas needed and then diffuse out again.

126
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How are the chances of rejection reduced?

A

Donor should have similar tissue type to patient - close tissue match. Immunosuppressive drugs suppress immune system and stop it rejecting organ

127
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to asthmatics’ bronchioles when triggers are encountered?

A

Muscles around bronchioles contract, constricting airways.

128
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can too little clotting lead to?

A

Bleeding to death, and more likely to get loads of bruising.

129
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why is it strange that contraceptives contain oestrogen?

A

Oestrogen normally stimulates ovulation. But taking pills everyday keeps levels constantly high and mimics pregnancy so inhibits release of FSH

130
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to pull the lower arm back down?

A

Triceps contract

131
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can a hole in the heart be fixed?

A

Corrected by surgery

132
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can doctors screen foetus for?

A

Check for genetic disorders before its born like Down’s syndrome and cystic fibrosis.

133
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can the products of fat digestion not do?

A

Diffuse into blood plasma

134
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is agglutination?

A

E.g. If an A antigen meets an anti-A antibody the blood clumps together

135
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What did William Harvey show about the heart?

A

Heart valves stopped back flow of blood.
Heart is a pump.
Pulse is caused by heart pumping blood into arteries.
Same blood was circulated around body over and over again.

136
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do growth charts show?

A

Number of percentiles

137
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does a thin lining increase efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

Only one cell thick - so gases don’t have to diffuse very far

138
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the 4 blood groups?

A

A, B, AB, O

139
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the human respiratory tract lined with and what do they do?

A

Mucus and cilia which catch dust and microbes before they reach lungs.

140
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the job of the skeleton?

A

Support body and allow it to move. Protect vital organs.

141
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does AI involve?

A

Sperm placed into woman’s uterus without sex. Donor sperm can be used.

142
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does a moist surface increase efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

Helps oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve

143
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What controls the amount of water absorbed by the kidney nephron?

A

anti-diuretic hormone

144
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a mechanical ventilator do?

A

Used to push air in and out of a patients lungs if they stop breathing.

145
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does ADH do to kidney nephrons?

A

Makes nephron more permeable so more water is reabsorbed back into blood.

146
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why do villi have a single permeable layer of surface cells and a good blood supply?

A

Allow quick absorption

147
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is expiration?

A

Breathing out

148
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the 3 main things that can go wrong with a heart?

A

Hole in heart. Valve damage. Coronary heart disease (CHD).

149
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Apart from living donors, where else can we get transplants from?

A

People who have recently died

150
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the end product after the kidneys have performed their processes?

A

Urine

151
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do carbohydrases break down?

A

Big carbohydrates like starch into simple sugars

152
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to gases when we breathe?

A

Take in oxygen for respiration and release CO2

153
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where does gas exchange happen in fish?

A

At the gills

154
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What reasons are there for the increase in life expectancy?

A

Medical advances where conditions can now be treated.

Work and housing are safer and healthier.

People are better off and can afford healthier diets and lifestyles.

Less Industrial diseases.

155
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What types of things can living donors donate?

A

Whole or parts of organs. I.e. One kidney or a piece of liver

156
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What criteria is met for dead donors?

A

Must have died recently - organs stay useable for few hours. Close relatives must give permission.

157
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the issue with immunosuppressive drugs?

A

Leave patient vulnerable to infections

158
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens during ultrafiltration?

A

High pressure squeezes water, urea, salts and glucose out of blood and into capsule. Membranes between blood vessels in glomerulus and capsule act as filters. Big molecules like proteins and blood cells are not squeezed and stay in blood.

159
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens during stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus lining builds up again. From day 4-14 builds up into thick spongy layer full of blood vessels

160
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does exercise affect the concentration and amount of urine produced?

A

Makes you hot so you sweat more and water loss causes more ADH release. Kidneys absorb more water and urine is concentrated and only a small amount

161
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How do single celled organisms get material into cells?

A

Diffusion

162
Q

B5 - The Living Body

When is AI used?

A

If there’s some kind of problem with sperm reaching the egg or if man suffers some sort of infertility.

163
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the two clusters of pacemaker cells?

A

Sino-atrial node (SAN) stimulates atria to contract.

Atrio-ventricular node (AVN) stimulates ventricles to contract.

164
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does an ECG show?

A

Electrical activity of heart. Can show heart attacks and irregular heartbeats/general health of heart.

165
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What things to villi have to allow quick absorption?

A

Single permeable layer of surface cells, good blood supply, big SA and very long.

166
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does the blood passing the alveoli contain?

A

Lots of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen

167
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is ossification?

A

As you grow, blood vessels deposit calcium and phosphorous in cartilage which eventually turns into bone.

168
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How quickly does a baby or foetus grow?

A

Different parts grow at different rates e.g. Head grows quickly

169
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does growth happen?

A

When cells divide by mitosis

170
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the barrier like in a dialysis machine?

A

Permeable to ions and waste substances, but not big molecules like proteins

171
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are examples of hinge joints?

A

Knee. Elbow.

172
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What could a decreased pumping ability indicate?

A

A disease called cardiomyopathy

173
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does each cell on the surface of a villus have?

A

Its own microvilli which increases the SA even more

174
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Ovaries

175
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can doctors treat CHD?

A

Coronary bypass operation, where a piece of blood vessel is taken from another part of body and inserted to “bypass” blockage.

176
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is osteoporosis?

A

Condition where calcium is lost from bones. Bones are softer, more brittle and more likely to break.

177
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are some examples of mechanical replacements outside the body?

A

Heart-lung machine, kidney dialysis machines, mechanical ventilators.

178
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells that help blood to clot.

179
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do proteases do?

A

Break down proteins into amino acids

180
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What age must all living donors be?

A

18+

181
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do patients with kidney failure use?

A

Dialysis machine

182
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How do hinge joints move?

A

Backwards and forwards, not side to side.

183
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does heat affect the concentration and amount of urine produced?

A

Hot leads to more sweating and sweat contains water, causing water loss. Causes more ADH to be released so kidneys reabsorb more water. Urine is concentrated and only a small amount

184
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does water intake affect the concentration and amount of urine produced?

A

Not drinking enough produces a small volume of concentrated urine. Drinking lots will produce lots of dilute urine.

185
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What sorts of molecules are not squeezed out of blood during ultrafiltration in the kidneys?

A

Big molecules like proteins and blood cells.

186
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do contraceptives contain and what does this do?

A

Oestrogen and this prevents ovulation

187
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the stages of physical digestion?

A

Chewing in the mouth and churning them about in stomach

188
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does an amphibians skin have to be kept?

A

Moist

189
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What has happened to life expectancy over the last century?

A

Increased

190
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why can bone/cartilage get infected?

A

Made of living tissue

191
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens in chemical digestion?

A

Involves enzymes which break down molecules that are too big to pass through cell membranes.

192
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can cartilage do?

A

Grow and repair itself (not as easily as bone)

193
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is your tidal air?

A

Volume of air you breathe in and out in one normal breath

194
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where is LH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

195
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does a spirometer work?

A

Patient breathes into machine and volume breathed in and out is plotted on a Spirogram

196
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can asbestos causes lung disease?

A

Cause asbestosis where inflammation and scarring of lungs limits gas exchange.

197
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a high pressure allow?

A

Material to be transported more quickly.

198
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where is urea produced?

A

Liver

199
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is vital capacity air?

A

Total lung capacity - residual air = vital

Amount of useable air

200
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is lymph?

A

A type of fluid which carries products of fat digestion

201
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a hole in the heart allow?

A

Blood to bypass lungs - closes soon after birth.

202
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can surgery be used for with the heart?

A

Transplants. Valves and pacemakers can be fitted. Can get heart assist devices which take over pumping duties of failing heart - buys patient time whilst waiting for transplant.

203
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do pacemakers produce?

A

A small electric current which spreads to surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract

204
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What antigens do blood group AB have?

A

A and B

205
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is better about replacing a valve compared to a transplant?

A

Much less drastic and only requires overnight stay.

206
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

Large SA, moist surface, permeable surface, thin lining, good blood supply

207
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Which groups can group B receive blood from?

A

B and O

208
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does a permeable surface increase efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

Helps gases change easily

209
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can damage to the spinal cord lead to?

A

Paralysis

210
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does bone start off as?

A

Cartilage in womb

211
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is it important to keep a constant concentration of and where?

A

Constant concentration of water molecules in blood plasma

212
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does the brain instruct the pituitary gland to do (kidneys)?

A

Release ADH into blood according to how much is needed

213
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens as blood travels around the body through blood vessels?

A

It loses pressure

214
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is a hole in the heart?

A

Gap in wall separating either two ventricles or two atria.

215
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How strong and flexible are ligaments?

A

High tensile strength. Quite elastic.

216
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can people at risk of DVT and strokes take?

A

Drugs to reduce risk such as Warfarin, heparin and aspirin prevent blood clotting.

217
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens during stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Wall is maintained from about day 14-28.

218
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Which groups can group O receive blood from?

A

Only O

219
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can an echocardiogram show?

A

Enlarged heart which could indicate heart failure. Decreased pumping ability and valve function.

220
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What 3 roles do the kidneys perform?

A

Removal of urea. Adjustment of salt levels and adjustment of water content in blood.

221
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the ethical issues with screening?

A

If foetus has genetic defect, parents consider whether to continue with pregnancy. Foetal screening can increase risk of miscarriage.

222
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens during stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Egg develops and is released from ovary at day 14

223
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does the synovial membrane release?

A

Synovial fluid

224
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How many stages are involved in the breakdown of starch?

A
  1. Starch -> maltose -> glucose
225
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Describe the layer of surface cells on a villi?

A

Single permeable layer of surface cells which form a thin lining

226
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can women who can’t produce eggs have a baby?

A

Eggs can be donated

227
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does IVF involve?

A

Eggs are fertilised outside body. She is given hormones to stimulate egg production and several are collected and mixed with sperm. Implanted back into uterus.

228
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do the ends of bones have?

A

Cartilage - stops bones rubbing

229
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is carbon dioxide (breathing)?

A

Waste product of respiration. Toxic at high levels - must be removed through breathing.

230
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does physical digestion allow?

A

Food to pass easily through digestive system and provides larger surface area for chemical digestion

231
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why is diet important in determining the size an adult reaches?

A

Poor diet, particularly low in proteins or minerals may mean a child does not grow as much as its genes would allow.

232
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What gives the small intestines a big SA?

A

Walls of small intestine are covered in millions of villi

233
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What sort of factors do success rates depend one?

A

Type of organ, age of patient, skill of surgeon etc.

234
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where are carbohydrases active?

A

Mouth and small intestine

235
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens in the alveoli?

A

gas exchange

236
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the elbow?

A

A pivot (fulcrum)

237
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does cartilage do in a synovial joint?

A

Stops bone rubbing and acts as a shock absorber (can be slightly compressed).

238
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do FSH injections do?

A

Increase fertility by stimulating egg production and making fertilisation more likely.

239
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can osteoporosis be treated?

A

Calcium supplements

240
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How is the whole process of water content regulation controlled?

A

Negative feedback

241
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What determines the size an adult reaches?

A

Mainly due to genetics but can external factors too

242
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is clotting and why does the blood do it?

A

A mesh of protein I fibres called fibrin fibres which plug damaged area, preventing too much bleeding.

243
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can an amphibians skin not be?

A

Waterproof

244
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to useful substances as liquid flows over kidney nephrons?

A

Selectively reabsorbed

245
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How can haemophiliac’s blood clot?

A

When injected with the clotting factor.

246
Q

B5 - The Living Body

When are FSH injections used?

A

Some women have very low levels of FSH so eggs don’t develop properly and can’t get pregnant.

247
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to the nodes in one complete heartbeat?

A

SAN produces current first, making atria contract. Current stimulates AVN to produce current causing ventricles to contract. Process ensures atria always contracts before ventricles.

248
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a lack of waterproofing mean for the amphibian?

A

Would lose too much water if it lived in a dry environment so it must have a moist habitat.

249
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is another word for breathing in?

A

Inspiration

250
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How does a large surface area increase efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

Increase rate of diffusion

251
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does bile do to acid?

A

Neutralise stomach acid to make conditions right for enzymes to work in small intestine

252
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to uterus lining if no fertilised egg landed on it?

A

Spongy lining starts to break down and cycle starts again after 28 days

253
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why are ovary transplants used?

A

Some women don’t have ovaries due to cancer or they have damaged ones which don’t produce any eggs

254
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can be used to keep someone alive whilst waiting for transplants?

A

Temporary mechanical replacements

255
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where is ADH released from?

A

Pituitary gland

256
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is urea produced from?

A

Excess amino acids

257
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the main method of screening?

A

Amniocentesis

258
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can too much clotting lead to?

A

Strokes and deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

259
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why don’t multicellular organisms diffuse materials in and out of cells?

A

Too large and diffusion would be too slow.

260
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are some reasons against IVF?

A

Not all fertilised eggs are used and throwing them away is denying a life. IVF increases chance of multiple oregano id which can endanger woman’s health and become financial burden.

261
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do some people suggest for coping with shortage of organ donations?

A

Opt-out system where organs are used unless person registers to say no.

262
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is an example of an industrial material which can cause lung disease?

A

Asbestos

263
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are antagonistic pairs?

A

1 muscle contracts = 1 direction

Other muscle contracts = other direction

264
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What antibodies do blood group B have?

A

Anti-A

265
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens when the brain detects a rise in carbon dioxide levels?

A

It responds by increasing breathing rate

266
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Which blood vessel has the lowest pressure?

A

Veins

267
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What antibodies do blood group O have?

A

Anti-A and anti-B

268
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a hole in the heart allow blood to do?

A

Move directly from one side of heart to other. Allowing deoxygenated blood and oxygenated to mix - reduces amount of oxygen pumped in body.

269
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is an example of a genetic cause which causes lung disease?

A

Cystic fibrosis

270
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What do antibodies act as?

A

Agglutinins

271
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Which groups can group B donate blood to?

A

B and AB

272
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Which groups can group AB receive blood from?

A

Anyone

273
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Which vessel has the highest pressure?

A

Arteries

274
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Single defective gene causes lungs to produce really thick sticky mucus which clogs up bronchioles making breathing difficult and can lead to life threatening infections.

275
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where is growth hormone produced and what does it do?

A

Pituitary gland and stimulates growth of whole body, but especially growth of long bones.

276
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What 4 factors can cause lung disease?

A

Industrial materials, genetic causes, lifestyle causes and asthma.

277
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is inspiration?

A

Breathing in

278
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What criteria needs to be met for someone to be a donor?

A

Young so organ is fit and healthy as possible.

Similar body weight to patient so organ is good ‘fit’.

Close tissue match to prevent rejection.

279
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Where has the blood passing the alveoli returned from?

A

The lungs from rest of body

280
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is total lung capacity?

A

Total volume of air you can fit in your lungs

281
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is emulsification?

A

Bile breaks down fat into tiny droplets giving it a bigger SA

282
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does the shortage of organ donations in the UK mean for patients?

A

Usually have to wait for organs to become available which can be a long time because donor must match criteria.

283
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to the lining asthmatics’ airways when triggers are encountered?

A

Become inflamed and fluid builds up in airways making it hard to breathe - asthma attack

284
Q

B5 - The Living Body

How are clots formed?

A

Series of chemical reactions that take place when platelets in blood are exposed to damaged blood vessels.

285
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is the human respiratory tract lined with and what do they do?

A

Mucus and cilia which catch dust and microbes before they reach lungs.

286
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What three substances are selectively reabsorbed in the kidney nephron?

A

All sugar, sufficient salt, and sufficient water

287
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are some religious ethical reasons against organ donation?

A

Person’s body should be buried intact - donating is wrong.

Life and death is up to God - receiving organ is wrong.

288
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What are the issues with mechanical replacements?

A

Usually need constant power supply. Often large and difficult to move. Must be made of materials that won’t harm body or degrade. Can occasionally cause inflammation or allergic reactions

289
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a constant concentration in the blood plasma prevent?

A

Too much water moving in or out of the tissues by osmosis

290
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is haemophilia?

A

Genetic condition where blood doesn’t clot easily because clotting factors can’t be made by body.

291
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Why is the small intestine very long?

A

So there’s time to break down and absorb food before it reaches end

292
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What happens to oxygen in the alveolus?

A

Oxygen diffuses out of alveolus into blood

293
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What products are not reabsorbed by the kidneys?

A

Urea, excess salt and excess water

294
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is important for gaseous exchange in adult amphibians?

A

Have simple lungs but skin play important part

295
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a constant concentration of water in blood plasma do to blood pressure?

A

Keeps it constant

296
Q

B5 - The Living Body

When is an artificial pacemaker used and what it is?

A

To control heartbeat is pacemaker cells don’t work properly. Little device implanted under skin with wire going to heart, produces an electric current.

297
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is another word for breathing out?

A

Expiration

298
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What antigens do blood group B have?

A

B

299
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is residual air?

A

Even if you breathe out really hard there’s still some air left to make sure lungs stay open.

300
Q

B5 - The Living Body

Give an example of an antagonistic pair?

A

Biceps and triceps

301
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What can cause dwarfism?

A

Genetic factors and results in stunted growth

302
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What is gigantism often the result of?

A

Tumour of the pituitary during childhood which causes too much growth hormone to be produced.

303
Q

B5 - The Living Body

What does a higher pressure allow?

A

Material to be transported more quickly

Biology GCSE OCR Gateway B (6 decks)

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