B3 - Living and Growing Flashcards
B3 - Living and Growing
What do chemical reaction usually involve?
Being split apart or joined together.
B3 - Living and Growing
How has genetic engineering helped plants with resistance?
Gene that causes resistance to frost damage, herbicides and disease can be cut and placed in a useful plant.
B3 - Living and Growing
Energy from respiration can’t be used directly so used to make ATP. ATP acts as energy source for many cell processes and transports energy to where it is needed in a cell.
What is ATP?
B3 - Living and Growing
Organism has to be killed - ok for plants but not humans.
What is the disadvantage of measuring dry mass?
B3 - Living and Growing
What specialised organ systems do multicellular organisms need?
- Communicate between different cells (nervous system). 2. Supply cells with nutrients (circulatory). 3. Controls exchange of substances in environment (respiratory).
B3 - Living and Growing
Happens when plenty of oxygen is available. Most efficient.
What is aerobic respiration?
B3 - Living and Growing
Enzyme breaks down proteins in stomach. Works best at pH 2 - well-suited to acidic conditions in stomach.
What is Pepsin?
B3 - Living and Growing
Double helix unzips to form 2 single strands and new nucleotides floating in nucleus join to complementary bases. Makes an exact copy leaving 2 identical double-stranded molecules of DNA
How does DNA replicate itself?
B3 - Living and Growing
To free up space for more haemoglobin so they can carry more oxygen.
Why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus?
B3 - Living and Growing
What happens at the 2nd stage of mitosis?
DNA coils into double-armed chromosomes. Arms are exact copies of each other - contain exactly same DNA.
B3 - Living and Growing
What happens in the left atrium?
Receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary vein
B3 - Living and Growing
They have a high specificity for their substrate - has to fit in active site. If shape doesn’t match, reaction won’t be catalysed. Called ‘lock and key’ mechanism.
Why are enzymes ‘picky’?
B3 - Living and Growing
Part of an enzyme where it joins on to its substrate to catalyse reaction.
What is the active site?
B3 - Living and Growing
Production of protein gene normally codes for - or different protein produced instead.
What can a mutation stop?
B3 - Living and Growing
What are they called if a chemical causes cancer?
Carcinogens e.g. cigarette smoke.
B3 - Living and Growing
What is the 1st stage of meiosis?
DNA replicates and curls up to form double armed chromosomes.
B3 - Living and Growing
What do capillaries have?
Permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out. Walls usually only 1 cell thick - increases rate of diffusion because of shorter distance.
B3 - Living and Growing
Weighing animal/plant.
What is involved in measuring wet mass?
B3 - Living and Growing
Carcinogens e.g. cigarette smoke.
What are they called if a chemical causes cancer?
B3 - Living and Growing
Period between infancy and puberty. Steady growth.
What is childhood?
B3 - Living and Growing
What increases the chance of mutations?
Ionising radiation: including X-rays and UV light as well as radioactive substance. Greater dose, greater chance of mutation. Chemicals: called mutagens.
B3 - Living and Growing
What are nucleotides?
Small groups which make up strands of DNA. Each nucleotide contains a small molecule called a base.
B3 - Living and Growing
What are the benefits of cloning?
1) can mass produce animals with desirable characteristics. 2) human. Embryos could be produced by cloning adult body cells and embryos could supply stem cells which would reduce the risk of rejection
B3 - Living and Growing
What are the 4 parts of a bacteria cell?
Cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, single strand of DNA (not a nucleus)
B3 - Living and Growing
Cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, single strand of DNA (not a nucleus)
What are the 4 parts of a bacteria cell?
B3 - Living and Growing
Why is cloning plants easier than animals?
Many plant cells keep ability to differentiate whereas animal cells lose that at an early age.
B3 - Living and Growing
What is the 3rd stage of meiosis?
In 1st division, pairs split up - chromosomes in each pair move to opposite poles of cell. In each new cell there are no pairs - just one of each of the 23 types.
B3 - Living and Growing
Nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm, vacuole, chloroplasts, cell membrane.
What are the 6 parts of a plant cell?
B3 - Living and Growing
Infancy, childhood, adolescence, maturity/adulthood, old age.
What are the five main stages of growth for humans?
B3 - Living and Growing
What determines the function of a cell?
Genes that are ‘switched on’ e.g. in muscle, genes for muscle cell production are on, but genes for proteins specific to bone, nerve and skin cells switched off.
B3 - Living and Growing
You’ll only get good plants so no time is wasted growing bad ones. Possible to mass produce plants that are hard to grow from seeds.
What are the positive of cloning plants?
B3 - Living and Growing
How does DNA replicate itself?
Double helix unzips to form 2 single strands and new nucleotides floating in nucleus join to complementary bases. Makes an exact copy leaving 2 identical double-stranded molecules of DNA
B3 - Living and Growing
Cells which need lots of energy such as liver cells and muscle cells.
Which cells have lots of mitochondria?
B3 - Living and Growing
Nucleus of egg cell removed so it had no genetic info. Another nucleus was inserted with all genetic info. Cell given electric shocks to divide by mitosis and embryo was implanted into surrogate mother until it is born.
What does nuclear transfer involve?
B3 - Living and Growing
1) involves changing body cells, particularly those cells most affected. Wouldn’t affect gametes so offspring could still get it. 2) change cells in gametes so offspring won’t be affected.
What are the two types of gene therapy?
B3 - Living and Growing
It doesn’t tell you about change in width, diameter, number of branches etc.
What is the disadvantage of measuring length?
B3 - Living and Growing
What is the disadvantage of measuring wet mass?
Very changeable e.g. a plant will be heavier if it’s just rained or animals will be heavier if they have a full bladder or have just eaten.
B3 - Living and Growing
Haemolglobin which gives its colour - contains lot of iron.
What do red blood cells contain?
B3 - Living and Growing
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
B3 - Living and Growing
Where are proteins made?
In cytoplasm by ribosomes.
B3 - Living and Growing
Pale yellow liquid carrying everything that needs transporting around body.
What is plasma?
B3 - Living and Growing
What do veins have?
Walls aren’t as thick - lower pressure. Bigger lumen helps blood flow. Valves keep blood flowing in right direction.
B3 - Living and Growing
Small with long tails to swim. Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for swimming. Acrosome at front can release enzymes to digest through membrane of egg cell.
How are male gametes adapted for their function?
B3 - Living and Growing
What happens in the mitochondria?
Reactions involved in respiration.
B3 - Living and Growing
So they can fit through capillaries easily.
Why are red blood cells flexible?
B3 - Living and Growing
What does mRNA do?
Carry code between DNA and ribosome.
B3 - Living and Growing
Gene has been put into bacteria and are cultured in a ferment. Human insulin is then extracted as it is produced.
What has genetic engineering done for insulin production?
B3 - Living and Growing
Cytoplasm divides and you get 2 new cells containing exact same genetic material.
What happens at the 4th stage of mitosis?
B3 - Living and Growing
What is stem celll therapy?
Early human embryos contain lots of stem cells and these can be extracted and grown. Eventually may be used to grow tissue to treat medical conditions like nerve damage, spinal injuries, skin cells, skin grafts.
B3 - Living and Growing
What are the stages of genetic engineering?
1) gene that produces desirable characteristic is selected 2) this is cut from DNA using enzymes and isolated 3) useful gene inserted into DNA of another organism 4) organisms then replicate and then there are loads of organisms producing same thing.
B3 - Living and Growing
What are the advantages of genetic engineering?
Can produce organisms with new and useful features very quickly
B3 - Living and Growing
Biological catalysts which speed up reaction without being changed or used up in reaction.
What are enzymes and what do they do?
B3 - Living and Growing
In 1st division, pairs split up - chromosomes in each pair move to opposite poles of cell. In each new cell there are no pairs - just one of each of the 23 types.
What is the 3rd stage of meiosis?
B3 - Living and Growing
When you want identical cells e.g. grow or when you need to replace worn out cells and repair tissue.
When does mitosis happen?
B3 - Living and Growing
Carry blood to heart.
What do veins do?
B3 - Living and Growing
Allows oxygenated blood to move through right ventricle and get pumped around rest of the body.
What does the aorta do?
B3 - Living and Growing
Strong, thick and elastic walls to cope with pressure.
What do arteries have?
B3 - Living and Growing
Bigger, can travel further, get nutrients in different ways, fewer things squash you. Allows for cell differentiation - different cells do different things. More complex - specialised organs, different shapes and behaviour/specifically adapted.
What are the advantages of being multicellular?
B3 - Living and Growing
Can produce organisms with new and useful features very quickly
What are the advantages of genetic engineering?
B3 - Living and Growing
What happens at the 1st stage of mitosis?
DNA in cell is replicated.
B3 - Living and Growing
Reduces gene pool and inbreeding can cause health problems because increased risk of genetic disorders. A disease may also wipe them out because there is less variation and they are closely related.
What are the disadvantages of selective breeding?
B3 - Living and Growing
Nucleus, cell membrane, ribosome, cytoplasm, mitochondria
What are the 5 parts of an animal cell?
B3 - Living and Growing
Why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus?
To free up space for more haemoglobin so they can carry more oxygen.
B3 - Living and Growing
Carry code between DNA and ribosome.
What does mRNA do?
B3 - Living and Growing
Receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary vein
What happens in the left atrium?
B3 - Living and Growing
1) gene that produces desirable characteristic is selected 2) this is cut from DNA using enzymes and isolated 3) useful gene inserted into DNA of another organism 4) organisms then replicate and then there are loads of organisms producing same thing.
What are the stages of genetic engineering?
B3 - Living and Growing
Process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job
What is differentiation?
B3 - Living and Growing
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
B3 - Living and Growing
What do arteries have?
Strong, thick and elastic walls to cope with pressure.
B3 - Living and Growing
What does the right atrium receive?
Receives deoxygenated blood from body via vena cava
B3 - Living and Growing
Ionising radiation: including X-rays and UV light as well as radioactive substance. Greater dose, greater chance of mutation. Chemicals: called mutagens.
What increases the chance of mutations?
B3 - Living and Growing
What is the disadvantage of measuring dry mass?
Organism has to be killed - ok for plants but not humans.
B3 - Living and Growing
Exchange materials at tissues. Supply food and oxygen. Remove carbon dioxide.
What do capillaries do?
B3 - Living and Growing
glucose → lactic acid (+energy)
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
B3 - Living and Growing
How is blood pumped to the lungs?
Deoxygenated blood moves to right ventricle which pumps it to lungs via pulmonary artery
B3 - Living and Growing
In lungs it combines with oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin and in body tissue it releases oxygen to cells.
What does haemoglobin do?
B3 - Living and Growing
What is adulthood/maturity?
Period between adolescence and old age. Growth stops.
B3 - Living and Growing
What is the equation for Respiratory Quotient (RQ)?
Amount of CO₂ produced ÷ amount of O₂ used
B3 - Living and Growing
Undifferentiated cells which can develop into different types of cells, tissues and organs depending on instructions given.
What are stem cells?
B3 - Living and Growing
To develop best features. Includes: maximum yield of meat, grain, milk etc, good health and disease resistance, and other qualities like temperament, speed and attractiveness.
Why are organisms selectively bred?
B3 - Living and Growing
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose → lactic acid (+energy)
B3 - Living and Growing
Very changeable e.g. a plant will be heavier if it’s just rained or animals will be heavier if they have a full bladder or have just eaten.
What is the disadvantage of measuring wet mass?
B3 - Living and Growing
What is ATP?
Energy from respiration can’t be used directly so used to make ATP. ATP acts as energy source for many cell processes and transports energy to where it is needed in a cell.
B3 - Living and Growing
Used in clotting blood.
What are platelets?
B3 - Living and Growing
Genetically identical organisms
What are clones?
B3 - Living and Growing
Walls aren’t as thick - lower pressure. Bigger lumen helps blood flow. Valves keep blood flowing in right direction.
What do veins have?
B3 - Living and Growing
What shape are red blood cells?
Biconcave disc/shape.
B3 - Living and Growing
What has genetic engineering done for insulin production?
Gene has been put into bacteria and are cultured in a ferment. Human insulin is then extracted as it is produced.
B3 - Living and Growing
What does the RQ tell you?
A value between 0.7 and 1 shows aerobic respiration. Above 1 shows anaerobic respiration - short of oxygen.
B3 - Living and Growing
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall?
More muscle because it has to pump blood around whole body whereas right ventricle only has to pump to lungs
B3 - Living and Growing
How are proteins made?
DNA controls this. Protein synthesis. Section of DNA codes a particular protein (gene). Proteins are made up of chains of molecules (amino acids). Order of bases determines amino acid. 3 bases makes 1 amino acid - joined together to make protein.
B3 - Living and Growing
How does the pH affect enzymes?
If too high/low, interferes with bonds holding enzyme together. Changes shape of active site and denatures enzyme. Optimum normally neutral pH7 but some exceptions.
B3 - Living and Growing
Where is deoxygenated blood pumped to?
Lungs
B3 - Living and Growing
What controls the characteristics of the zygote?
Controlled by combination of genes on its chromosomes.
B3 - Living and Growing
What do veins do?
Carry blood to heart.
B3 - Living and Growing
What is the basic process of selective breeding?
1) select best characteristic from existing stock 2) breed with each other 3) select best of offspring - breed together 4) continue process over several generations - desirable trait gets stronger and stronger.
B3 - Living and Growing
Respiration without oxygen - after vigorous exercise and supply of oxygen to muscles is very low.
What is anaerobic respiration?
B3 - Living and Growing
What are the advantages of being multicellular?
Bigger, can travel further, get nutrients in different ways, fewer things squash you. Allows for cell differentiation - different cells do different things. More complex - specialised organs, different shapes and behaviour/specifically adapted.
B3 - Living and Growing
Semilunar, tricuspid and bicuspid valves
What prevents back flow in the heart?
