B2 - Understanding Our Environment Flashcards by Zoe G

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are lichens used for?

To monitor air quality - they’re damaged by pollution. Cleaner air = greater diversity of lichens survive.

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is egestion?

When food that can’t be digested passes out as faeces.

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What characteristics do prokaryotes have?

No nucleus. Have cell wall made from peptidoglycan

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Over a long period of time, organisms may change so much due to natural selection they become a completely new species.

What is speciation?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Organisms that are adapted to live in seriously extreme conditions like volcanic vents or at high pressure on sea bed.

What are extremophiles?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Which species are adapted to live in polluted conditions?

Water lice, rat-tailed maggots, sludgeworms indicate polluted water. Rat-tailed maggots and sludgeworms indicate very high pollution.

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What anatomical adaptations increase heat loss?

Small organisms have a large SA:v ratio. Others have large ears and large thin ears allow more blood to flow near skin surface - more heat can radiate. Like camels, they store fat in just one area to stop whole body being well insulated.

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is speciation?

Over a long period of time, organisms may change so much due to natural selection they become a completely new species.

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Telling how polluted an area is.

What are indicator species used for?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Where both organisms benefit e.g. Cleaner species - such as Remora fish which swim alongside sharks.

What is a mutualistic relationship?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Fishing quotas prevent some becoming extinct. Wood and paper production has laws - trees must be replanted when others logged.

What are two examples of things done to promote sustainable development?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What anatomical adaptations increase heat loss?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Ones which are highly adapted to survive in a specific habitat e.g. Giant Panda

What are specialist organisms?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Mass of living material at that stage of food chain (it is dry biomass so all water would be removed)

What does a pyramid of biomass show?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

A way of identifying organisms base on evolutionary relationships and genetic similarities

What is natural classification?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Make spores instead of seeds. Feed on dead or decaying organic matter (saprophytic feeders). Cell wall made of chitin.

What characteristics do fungi have?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What factors determine whether a species is at risk of extinction?

Number of habitat, number of individuals, genetic variation. If any of these fall below a critical level then species is at risk.

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

How are organisms classified after kingdoms?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is natural classification?

A way of identifying organisms base on evolutionary relationships and genetic similarities

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

No nucleus. Have cell wall made from peptidoglycan

What characteristics do prokaryotes have?

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is surface area to volume ratio?

A way of comparing how much SA something has compared to its size. Small objects have larger SA:v ratios than large objects. Large organisms lose less heat than small because of this.

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What factors evaluate how successful a conservation programme is?

Genetic variation, viability of populations, available habitats, interaction between species.

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What plants put nitrogen back into soil?

Nitrogen fixing bacteria - can live in nodules on roots of legume plants like peas and beans

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B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Have enzymes which work best at a higher optimum temperature - work at temperatures which would normally denature them e.g. Thermus thermophilus grows best when temp is 65°C

How are extremophile bacteria adapted to live in hot conditions?

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# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Protecting human food supply, ensuring minimal damage to food chains, providing future medicines and cultural aspects.

What are the other benefits of conservation programmes apart from protect the species?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are the four types of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?

Decomposers, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and nitrogen fixing bacteria.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What does a pyramid of biomass show?

Mass of living material at that stage of food chain (it is dry biomass so all water would be removed)

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment How is efficiency in a food chain calculated?

(energy available to next level ÷ energy that was available to previous level) x 100

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Based on appearance rather than genes as a way of identifying organisms.

What is artificial classification?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment A group of organisms which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

What is a species?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment When food that can't be digested passes out as faeces.

What is egestion?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Nitrogen fixing bacteria - can live in nodules on roots of legume plants like peas and beans

What plants put nitrogen back into soil?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment A way of comparing how much SA something has compared to its size. Small objects have larger SA:v ratios than large objects. Large organisms lose less heat than small because of this.

What is surface area to volume ratio?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Feed on other organisms (heterotrophic). Multicellular. No cell walls.

What characteristics do the animal kingdom have?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protoctista (e.g. Algae), Prokaryotes (e.g. Bacteria)

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Amount of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO₂) given off in a certain amount of time.

What is a carbon footprint?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What conditions make recycling carbon slower?

Waterlogged soils and highly acidic soils.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What characteristics do fungi have?

Make spores instead of seeds. Feed on dead or decaying organic matter (saprophytic feeders). Cell wall made of chitin.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment How have desert plants adapted to living in dry conditions?

Have a rounded shape (high SA:v ratio), have a thick waxy layer (cuticle) and spines - reduce water loss, store water in stems, have shallow roots to absorb water fast.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment To monitor air quality - they're damaged by pollution. Cleaner air = greater diversity of lichens survive.

What are lichens used for?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment When organisms from the SAME species compete for resources.

What is intraspecific competition?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment When organisms compete for resources against individuals of another species.

What is interspecific competition?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Sometimes have anti-freeze and these proteins interfere with formation and growth of ice crystals in cells, stopping cells being damaged by ice.

How are organisms adapted to live in extremely cod environments?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Water lice, rat-tailed maggots, sludgeworms indicate polluted water. Rat-tailed maggots and sludgeworms indicate very high pollution.

Which species are adapted to live in polluted conditions?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What is sustainable development?

Providing for needs of today's increasing population without harming environment.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are the other benefits of conservation programmes apart from protect the species?

Protecting human food supply, ensuring minimal damage to food chains, providing future medicines and cultural aspects.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What do arrows in a food chain show?

Arrows show where the energy is going. Example: greenfly → lady bird → bird

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are specialist organisms?

Ones which are highly adapted to survive in a specific habitat e.g. Giant Panda

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment How is carbon recycled in the sea?

Shells (carbonates) - organism dies, shell sinks to bottom, becomes limestone. Released as CO₂ in volcanic eruptions/weathering. Sea absorbs amount of CO₂ in 'carbon sinks'.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are anatomical adaptations?

Features of an organism's anatomy that helps it to survive

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment How are organisms adapted to live in extremely cod environments?

Sometimes have anti-freeze and these proteins interfere with formation and growth of ice crystals in cells, stopping cells being damaged by ice.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What is intraspecific competition?

When organisms from the SAME species compete for resources.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, Sapiens

What are the classes for humans?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What is an ecological niche?

How a species fits into its ecosystem, depending on things like where they live and feed on.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What is a species?

A group of organisms which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Some migrate to warmer climates, some hibernate to save energy and some huddle together to keep warm.

What are some behavioural adaptations to the cold?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What is a mutualistic relationship?

Where both organisms benefit e.g. Cleaner species - such as Remora fish which swim alongside sharks.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment How are certain animals adapted to living in dry environments?

Specialised kidneys - produce very concentrated urine, no sweat glands, spend time in underground burrows - air contains more moisture

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment How are extremophile bacteria adapted to live in hot conditions?

Have enzymes which work best at a higher optimum temperature - work at temperatures which would normally denature them e.g. Thermus thermophilus grows best when temp is 65°C

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are two examples of things done to promote sustainable development?

Fishing quotas prevent some becoming extinct. Wood and paper production has laws - trees must be replanted when others logged.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are indicator species used for?

Telling how polluted an area is.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Each bar shows number of organisms at that stage of food chain - not their mass.

What does a pyramid of numbers show?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What is a carbon footprint?

Amount of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO₂) given off in a certain amount of time.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are some behavioural adaptations to the cold?

Some migrate to warmer climates, some hibernate to save energy and some huddle together to keep warm.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What causes acid rain?

When fossil fuels with impurities are burned, sulfur dioxide is released which mixes with water in atmosphere to make sulphuric acid which falls as rain.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Arrows show where the energy is going. Example: greenfly → lady bird → bird

What do arrows in a food chain show?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What does a pyramid of numbers show?

Each bar shows number of organisms at that stage of food chain - not their mass.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Ones which are adapted to survive in a range of different habitats e.g. black rats can survive in forests, cities and farmland.

What are generalist organisms?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What is artificial classification?

Based on appearance rather than genes as a way of identifying organisms.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What characteristics do protoctistas have?

Most are unicellular. Have a nucleus.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Blood vessels going to & from feet carry blood flowing in opposite direction. Vessels pass close to each other allowing heat to transfer between them. Warm blood in arteries to feet heats cold blood returning to heart & veins. Means feet stay cold but cold blood doesn't cool rest of body.

How does a counter-current heat exchange system work?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Most are unicellular. Have a nucleus.

What characteristics do protoctistas have?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Number of habitat, number of individuals, genetic variation. If any of these fall below a critical level then species is at risk.

What factors determine whether a species is at risk of extinction?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment How does a counter-current heat exchange system work?

Blood vessels going to & from feet carry blood flowing in opposite direction. Vessels pass close to each other allowing heat to transfer between them. Warm blood in arteries to feet heats cold blood returning to heart & veins. Means feet stay cold but cold blood doesn't cool rest of body.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are mayfly larvae used for?

Monitoring water quality - can't survive in polluted water. Cleaner water = more mayfly larvae survive.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Decomposers, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and nitrogen fixing bacteria.

What are the four types of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment When fossil fuels with impurities are burned, sulfur dioxide is released which mixes with water in atmosphere to make sulphuric acid which falls as rain.

What causes acid rain?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are generalist organisms?

Ones which are adapted to survive in a range of different habitats e.g. black rats can survive in forests, cities and farmland.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Monitoring water quality - can't survive in polluted water. Cleaner water = more mayfly larvae survive.

What are mayfly larvae used for?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Use light energy to produce food during photosynthesis. Cell walls are made of cellulose.

What characteristics do the plant kingdom have?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What characteristics do the animal kingdom have?

Feed on other organisms (heterotrophic). Multicellular. No cell walls.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What characteristics do the plant kingdom have?

Use light energy to produce food during photosynthesis. Cell walls are made of cellulose.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Specialised kidneys - produce very concentrated urine, no sweat glands, spend time in underground burrows - air contains more moisture

How are certain animals adapted to living in dry environments?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are the 5 Kingdoms?

Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protoctista (e.g. Algae), Prokaryotes (e.g. Bacteria)

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Features of an organism's anatomy that helps it to survive

What are anatomical adaptations?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment How a species fits into its ecosystem, depending on things like where they live and feed on.

What is an ecological niche?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Have a rounded shape (high SA:v ratio), have a thick waxy layer (cuticle) and spines - reduce water loss, store water in stems, have shallow roots to absorb water fast.

How have desert plants adapted to living in dry conditions?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Shells (carbonates) - organism dies, shell sinks to bottom, becomes limestone. Released as CO₂ in volcanic eruptions/weathering. Sea absorbs amount of CO₂ in 'carbon sinks'.

How is carbon recycled in the sea?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What is interspecific competition?

When organisms compete for resources against individuals of another species.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment (energy available to next level ÷ energy that was available to previous level) x 100

How is efficiency in a food chain calculated?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are extremophiles?

Organisms that are adapted to live in seriously extreme conditions like volcanic vents or at high pressure on sea bed.

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Providing for needs of today's increasing population without harming environment.

What is sustainable development?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Waterlogged soils and highly acidic soils.

What conditions make recycling carbon slower?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment What are the classes for humans?

Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, Sapiens

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

How are organisms classified after kingdoms?

# B2 - Understanding Our Environment Genetic variation, viability of populations, available habitats, interaction between species.

What factors evaluate how successful a conservation programme is?