B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Question 1

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are lichens used for?

Answer 1

To monitor air quality - they’re damaged by pollution. Cleaner air = greater diversity of lichens survive.

Question 2

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is egestion?

Answer 2

When food that can’t be digested passes out as faeces.

Question 3

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What characteristics do prokaryotes have?

Answer 3

No nucleus. Have cell wall made from peptidoglycan

Question 4

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Over a long period of time, organisms may change so much due to natural selection they become a completely new species.

Answer 4

What is speciation?

Question 5

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Organisms that are adapted to live in seriously extreme conditions like volcanic vents or at high pressure on sea bed.

Answer 5

What are extremophiles?

Question 6

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Which species are adapted to live in polluted conditions?

Answer 6

Water lice, rat-tailed maggots, sludgeworms indicate polluted water. Rat-tailed maggots and sludgeworms indicate very high pollution.

Question 7

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What anatomical adaptations increase heat loss?

Answer 7

Small organisms have a large SA:v ratio. Others have large ears and large thin ears allow more blood to flow near skin surface - more heat can radiate. Like camels, they store fat in just one area to stop whole body being well insulated.

Question 8

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is speciation?

Answer 8

Over a long period of time, organisms may change so much due to natural selection they become a completely new species.

Question 9

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Telling how polluted an area is.

Answer 9

What are indicator species used for?

Question 10

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Where both organisms benefit e.g. Cleaner species - such as Remora fish which swim alongside sharks.

Answer 10

What is a mutualistic relationship?

Question 11

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Fishing quotas prevent some becoming extinct. Wood and paper production has laws - trees must be replanted when others logged.

Answer 11

What are two examples of things done to promote sustainable development?

Question 12

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Small organisms have a large SA:v ratio. Others have large ears and large thin ears allow more blood to flow near skin surface - more heat can radiate. Like camels, they store fat in just one area to stop whole body being well insulated.

Answer 12

What anatomical adaptations increase heat loss?

Question 13

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Ones which are highly adapted to survive in a specific habitat e.g. Giant Panda

Answer 13

What are specialist organisms?

Question 14

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Mass of living material at that stage of food chain (it is dry biomass so all water would be removed)

Answer 14

What does a pyramid of biomass show?

Question 15

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

A way of identifying organisms base on evolutionary relationships and genetic similarities

Answer 15

What is natural classification?

Question 16

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Make spores instead of seeds. Feed on dead or decaying organic matter (saprophytic feeders). Cell wall made of chitin.

Answer 16

What characteristics do fungi have?

Question 17

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What factors determine whether a species is at risk of extinction?

Answer 17

Number of habitat, number of individuals, genetic variation. If any of these fall below a critical level then species is at risk.

Question 18

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

How are organisms classified after kingdoms?

Answer 18

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Question 19

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is natural classification?

Answer 19

A way of identifying organisms base on evolutionary relationships and genetic similarities

Question 20

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

No nucleus. Have cell wall made from peptidoglycan

Answer 20

What characteristics do prokaryotes have?

Question 21

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is surface area to volume ratio?

Answer 21

A way of comparing how much SA something has compared to its size. Small objects have larger SA:v ratios than large objects. Large organisms lose less heat than small because of this.

Question 22

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What factors evaluate how successful a conservation programme is?

Answer 22

Genetic variation, viability of populations, available habitats, interaction between species.

Question 23

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What plants put nitrogen back into soil?

Answer 23

Nitrogen fixing bacteria - can live in nodules on roots of legume plants like peas and beans

Question 24

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Have enzymes which work best at a higher optimum temperature - work at temperatures which would normally denature them e.g. Thermus thermophilus grows best when temp is 65°C

Answer 24

How are extremophile bacteria adapted to live in hot conditions?

Question 25

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Protecting human food supply, ensuring minimal damage to food chains, providing future medicines and cultural aspects.

Answer 25

What are the other benefits of conservation programmes apart from protect the species?

Question 26

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are the four types of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?

Answer 26

Decomposers, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and nitrogen fixing bacteria.

Question 27

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What does a pyramid of biomass show?

Answer 27

Mass of living material at that stage of food chain (it is dry biomass so all water would be removed)

Question 28

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

How is efficiency in a food chain calculated?

Answer 28

(energy available to next level ÷ energy that was available to previous level) x 100

Question 29

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Based on appearance rather than genes as a way of identifying organisms.

Answer 29

What is artificial classification?

Question 30

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

A group of organisms which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Answer 30

What is a species?

Question 31

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

When food that can’t be digested passes out as faeces.

Answer 31

What is egestion?

Question 32

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Nitrogen fixing bacteria - can live in nodules on roots of legume plants like peas and beans

Answer 32

What plants put nitrogen back into soil?

Question 33

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

A way of comparing how much SA something has compared to its size. Small objects have larger SA:v ratios than large objects. Large organisms lose less heat than small because of this.

Answer 33

What is surface area to volume ratio?

Question 34

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Feed on other organisms (heterotrophic). Multicellular. No cell walls.

Answer 34

What characteristics do the animal kingdom have?

Question 35

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protoctista (e.g. Algae), Prokaryotes (e.g. Bacteria)

Answer 35

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

Question 36

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Amount of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO₂) given off in a certain amount of time.

Answer 36

What is a carbon footprint?

Question 37

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What conditions make recycling carbon slower?

Answer 37

Waterlogged soils and highly acidic soils.

Question 38

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What characteristics do fungi have?

Answer 38

Make spores instead of seeds. Feed on dead or decaying organic matter (saprophytic feeders). Cell wall made of chitin.

Question 39

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

How have desert plants adapted to living in dry conditions?

Answer 39

Have a rounded shape (high SA:v ratio), have a thick waxy layer (cuticle) and spines - reduce water loss, store water in stems, have shallow roots to absorb water fast.

Question 40

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

To monitor air quality - they’re damaged by pollution. Cleaner air = greater diversity of lichens survive.

Answer 40

What are lichens used for?

Question 41

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

When organisms from the SAME species compete for resources.

Answer 41

What is intraspecific competition?

Question 42

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

When organisms compete for resources against individuals of another species.

Answer 42

What is interspecific competition?

Question 43

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Sometimes have anti-freeze and these proteins interfere with formation and growth of ice crystals in cells, stopping cells being damaged by ice.

Answer 43

How are organisms adapted to live in extremely cod environments?

Question 44

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Water lice, rat-tailed maggots, sludgeworms indicate polluted water. Rat-tailed maggots and sludgeworms indicate very high pollution.

Answer 44

Which species are adapted to live in polluted conditions?

Question 45

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is sustainable development?

Answer 45

Providing for needs of today’s increasing population without harming environment.

Question 46

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are the other benefits of conservation programmes apart from protect the species?

Answer 46

Protecting human food supply, ensuring minimal damage to food chains, providing future medicines and cultural aspects.

Question 47

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What do arrows in a food chain show?

Answer 47

Arrows show where the energy is going. Example: greenfly → lady bird → bird

Question 48

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are specialist organisms?

Answer 48

Ones which are highly adapted to survive in a specific habitat e.g. Giant Panda

Question 49

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

How is carbon recycled in the sea?

Answer 49

Shells (carbonates) - organism dies, shell sinks to bottom, becomes limestone. Released as CO₂ in volcanic eruptions/weathering. Sea absorbs amount of CO₂ in ‘carbon sinks’.

Question 50

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are anatomical adaptations?

Answer 50

Features of an organism’s anatomy that helps it to survive

Question 51

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

How are organisms adapted to live in extremely cod environments?

Answer 51

Sometimes have anti-freeze and these proteins interfere with formation and growth of ice crystals in cells, stopping cells being damaged by ice.

Question 52

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is intraspecific competition?

Answer 52

When organisms from the SAME species compete for resources.

Question 53

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, Sapiens

Answer 53

What are the classes for humans?

Question 54

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is an ecological niche?

Answer 54

How a species fits into its ecosystem, depending on things like where they live and feed on.

Question 55

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is a species?

Answer 55

A group of organisms which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Question 56

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Some migrate to warmer climates, some hibernate to save energy and some huddle together to keep warm.

Answer 56

What are some behavioural adaptations to the cold?

Question 57

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is a mutualistic relationship?

Answer 57

Where both organisms benefit e.g. Cleaner species - such as Remora fish which swim alongside sharks.

Question 58

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

How are certain animals adapted to living in dry environments?

Answer 58

Specialised kidneys - produce very concentrated urine, no sweat glands, spend time in underground burrows - air contains more moisture

Question 59

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

How are extremophile bacteria adapted to live in hot conditions?

Answer 59

Have enzymes which work best at a higher optimum temperature - work at temperatures which would normally denature them e.g. Thermus thermophilus grows best when temp is 65°C

Question 60

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are two examples of things done to promote sustainable development?

Answer 60

Fishing quotas prevent some becoming extinct. Wood and paper production has laws - trees must be replanted when others logged.

Question 61

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are indicator species used for?

Answer 61

Telling how polluted an area is.

Question 62

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Each bar shows number of organisms at that stage of food chain - not their mass.

Answer 62

What does a pyramid of numbers show?

Question 63

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is a carbon footprint?

Answer 63

Amount of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO₂) given off in a certain amount of time.

Question 64

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are some behavioural adaptations to the cold?

Answer 64

Some migrate to warmer climates, some hibernate to save energy and some huddle together to keep warm.

Question 65

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What causes acid rain?

Answer 65

When fossil fuels with impurities are burned, sulfur dioxide is released which mixes with water in atmosphere to make sulphuric acid which falls as rain.

Question 66

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Arrows show where the energy is going. Example: greenfly → lady bird → bird

Answer 66

What do arrows in a food chain show?

Question 67

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What does a pyramid of numbers show?

Answer 67

Each bar shows number of organisms at that stage of food chain - not their mass.

Question 68

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Ones which are adapted to survive in a range of different habitats e.g. black rats can survive in forests, cities and farmland.

Answer 68

What are generalist organisms?

Question 69

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is artificial classification?

Answer 69

Based on appearance rather than genes as a way of identifying organisms.

Question 70

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What characteristics do protoctistas have?

Answer 70

Most are unicellular. Have a nucleus.

Question 71

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Blood vessels going to & from feet carry blood flowing in opposite direction. Vessels pass close to each other allowing heat to transfer between them. Warm blood in arteries to feet heats cold blood returning to heart & veins. Means feet stay cold but cold blood doesn’t cool rest of body.

Answer 71

How does a counter-current heat exchange system work?

Question 72

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Most are unicellular. Have a nucleus.

Answer 72

What characteristics do protoctistas have?

Question 73

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Number of habitat, number of individuals, genetic variation. If any of these fall below a critical level then species is at risk.

Answer 73

What factors determine whether a species is at risk of extinction?

Question 74

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

How does a counter-current heat exchange system work?

Answer 74

Blood vessels going to & from feet carry blood flowing in opposite direction. Vessels pass close to each other allowing heat to transfer between them. Warm blood in arteries to feet heats cold blood returning to heart & veins. Means feet stay cold but cold blood doesn’t cool rest of body.

Question 75

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are mayfly larvae used for?

Answer 75

Monitoring water quality - can’t survive in polluted water. Cleaner water = more mayfly larvae survive.

Question 76

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Decomposers, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and nitrogen fixing bacteria.

Answer 76

What are the four types of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?

Question 77

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

When fossil fuels with impurities are burned, sulfur dioxide is released which mixes with water in atmosphere to make sulphuric acid which falls as rain.

Answer 77

What causes acid rain?

Question 78

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are generalist organisms?

Answer 78

Ones which are adapted to survive in a range of different habitats e.g. black rats can survive in forests, cities and farmland.

Question 79

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Monitoring water quality - can’t survive in polluted water. Cleaner water = more mayfly larvae survive.

Answer 79

What are mayfly larvae used for?

Question 80

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Use light energy to produce food during photosynthesis. Cell walls are made of cellulose.

Answer 80

What characteristics do the plant kingdom have?

Question 81

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What characteristics do the animal kingdom have?

Answer 81

Feed on other organisms (heterotrophic). Multicellular. No cell walls.

Question 82

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What characteristics do the plant kingdom have?

Answer 82

Use light energy to produce food during photosynthesis. Cell walls are made of cellulose.

Question 83

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Specialised kidneys - produce very concentrated urine, no sweat glands, spend time in underground burrows - air contains more moisture

Answer 83

How are certain animals adapted to living in dry environments?

Question 84

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

Answer 84

Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protoctista (e.g. Algae), Prokaryotes (e.g. Bacteria)

Question 85

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Features of an organism’s anatomy that helps it to survive

Answer 85

What are anatomical adaptations?

Question 86

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

How a species fits into its ecosystem, depending on things like where they live and feed on.

Answer 86

What is an ecological niche?

Question 87

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Have a rounded shape (high SA:v ratio), have a thick waxy layer (cuticle) and spines - reduce water loss, store water in stems, have shallow roots to absorb water fast.

Answer 87

How have desert plants adapted to living in dry conditions?

Question 88

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Shells (carbonates) - organism dies, shell sinks to bottom, becomes limestone. Released as CO₂ in volcanic eruptions/weathering. Sea absorbs amount of CO₂ in ‘carbon sinks’.

Answer 88

How is carbon recycled in the sea?

Question 89

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What is interspecific competition?

Answer 89

When organisms compete for resources against individuals of another species.

Question 90

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

(energy available to next level ÷ energy that was available to previous level) x 100

Answer 90

How is efficiency in a food chain calculated?

Question 91

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are extremophiles?

Answer 91

Organisms that are adapted to live in seriously extreme conditions like volcanic vents or at high pressure on sea bed.

Question 92

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Providing for needs of today’s increasing population without harming environment.

Answer 92

What is sustainable development?

Question 93

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Waterlogged soils and highly acidic soils.

Answer 93

What conditions make recycling carbon slower?

Question 94

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

What are the classes for humans?

Answer 94

Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, Sapiens

Question 95

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Answer 95

How are organisms classified after kingdoms?

Question 96

B2 - Understanding Our Environment

Genetic variation, viability of populations, available habitats, interaction between species.

Answer 96

What factors evaluate how successful a conservation programme is?