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Biology🧬 > B5: Disease Things🦠 > Flashcards

B5: Disease Things🦠 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that is infectious.

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2
Q

Name three things that can affect health.

A

Diet, stress, life situations.

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3
Q

What are microorganisms that cause disease called?

A

Pathogens.

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4
Q

Name four types of pathogen.

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists.

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5
Q

How do bacteria cause disease in humans?

A

By rapidly reproducing between the cells of our body and releasing toxins.

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6
Q

How do viruses cause disease in humans?

A

By infecting and entering our cells, rapidly producing in our cells and then bursting our cells as they leave to infect more.

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7
Q

What is the splitting of bacteria into two called?

A

Binary fission.

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8
Q

Name three ways pathogens are spread.

A

By air, direct contact and water.

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9
Q

What temp are bacteria incubated at in schools and colleges?

A

25°.

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10
Q

How do you calculate the number of bacteria in a population?

A

Bacteria at the beginning of the growth period x 2 (squared by number of divisions)

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11
Q

Name two ways to stop bacterial growth.

A

Keeping them at a lower temp or using chemicals.

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12
Q

How to find area of a circle?

A

Pie x radius (squared).

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13
Q

Name 4 ways to prevent spread of pathogens.

A

Hand washing, using disinfectant, keeping raw meat away from food that will be eaten uncooked, coughing or sneezing carefully.

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14
Q

What is a vector?

A

Something that carries a communicable disease.

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15
Q

What happens during vaccination?

A

Doctors introduce a small amount of a harmless form of a specific pathogen into your body.

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16
Q

Name 2 symptoms of measles.

A

Fever and a red skin rash.

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17
Q

How is measles spread?

A

By the inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes.

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18
Q

What does measles cause?

A

Blindness and brain damage (it may be fatal).

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19
Q

Is there a treatment for measles?

A

No.

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20
Q

Is there a vaccination for measles?

A

Yes, the MMR vaccine.

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

A mild flu-like illness.

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22
Q

What does HIV do?

A

It attacks the immune cells and hides until the immune system is so badly damaged that it can no longer deal with infections or certain cancers.

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23
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

By direct sexual contact and the exchange of bodily fluids like blood.

24
Q

Is there a cure for HIV/AIDS?

A

No.

25
Q

How can HIV be prevented?

A

The use of condoms and not sharing needles.

26
Q

What can antiretroviral drugs do for HIV positive patients?

A

Prevent the development of AIDS for many years and give HIV positive people an almost normal life expectancy.

27
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus commonly affect?

A

Tomato and tobacco plants.

28
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus cause?

A

It causes a distinctive “mosaic” pattern of discolouration on leaves and destroys the cells.

29
Q

How is tobacco mosaic virus spread?

A

Contact between diseased plant material and healthy plants (insects can be vectors).

30
Q

What are salmonella?

A

Salmonella are bacteria that live in the guts of many different animals.

31
Q

Where can salmonella be found?

A

In raw meat, poultry, eggs and egg products.

32
Q

Name one common cause of infection by salmonella.

A

Eating raw undercooked food.

33
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

34
Q

How can the spread of salmonella be prevented?

A

Avoiding washing raw chicken, keeping raw chicken away from other food and washing hands and surfaces well after being in contact with raw chicken.

35
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

A

By unprotected sexual contact with an infectious person.

36
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

A thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urination.

37
Q

What can long term, untreated gonorrhoea cause?

A

Long term pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancies.

38
Q

Can gonorrhoea be treated with antibiotics?

A

Yes.

39
Q

What type of disease is athletes foot?

A

Fungal.

40
Q

What does rose black spot cause?

A

Purple or black spots to develop on leaves.

41
Q

How are spores of rose black spot spread?

A

In the environment, carried by the wind.

42
Q

How do gardeners prevent rose black spot?

A

Removing and burning affected leaves and stems or chemical fungicides.

43
Q

What type of pathogen causes rose black spot?

A

Fungi.

44
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

Protists.

45
Q

What do mosquitoes act as in the spread of malaria?

A

Vectors.

46
Q

What does malaria affect?

A

The liver and they damage red blood cells.

47
Q

How can the spread of malaria be controlled?

A

Insecticides, preventing vectors from breeding and antimalarial drugs.

48
Q

How does your skin act as a defence mechanism in the human body?

A

It acts as a barrier and producing antimicrobial secretions.

49
Q

How does your nose act as a defence mechanism?

A

Hairs and mucus trap particles that may irritate your lungs.

50
Q

How does the trachea act as a defence mechanism?

A

It secretes mucus that traps pathogens from the air.

51
Q

How does the stomach act as a defence mechanism?

A

It produces acid that destroys microorganisms.

52
Q

Name three ways that white blood cells destroy pathogens.

A

Ingesting microorganisms, producing antibodies and producing antitoxins.

53
Q

What do aphids do?

A

Penetrate the phloem vessels and feed on sugar rich sap.

54
Q

Name four physical barriers plants have.

A

Cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticles, bark and leaf fall.

55
Q

What do chemical barriers do in plants?

A

Produce antibacterial chemicals that protect them against pathogens.

56
Q

Name three mechanical defences of plants.

A

Mimicry, thorns and hairs and drooping or curling.

Biology🧬 (11 decks)

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