B5 - Disease Flashcards
Health is a state of ___
Condition
Diseases that are infectious are called ___ diseases - they can be transmitted from one person to another.
Communicable
Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens. These microorganisms include:
Bacteria
Funghi
Virus’
Worms
Examples lf communicable disease include:
Chicken Pox Salmonella COVID-19 Gonorrhoea The Common Cold Rickets Measles AIDS The Flu
Diseases that cannot be ___ from one person to another are called non-communicable diseases.
Transmitted
Examples of non-communicable diseases include:
Cancer Obesity Heart Disease Tonsillitis Hypertension Liver cirrhosis Tetanus Diabetes Malaria Anaemia Arthiritis
How does Bacteria cause diseases?
Bacteria divides rapidly by splitting in two, they may produce toxins that affect your body making you feel ill.
How do virus’ cause diseases?
Viruses take over the cells of your body. They live and reproduce in the cells, damaging and destroying them.
What did Ignaz Semmelweis do?
- He found out that doctors were not washing their hands before or after autopsy’s
- He told doctors to start washing hands
- His idea dropped the mortality rate to less than 1%
- People never believed him and he was sent to an asylum, which where he died at the age of 47
- Scientists go on to find out that Semmelweis was right
What did Louis Pasteur do?
- Hypothesised that germs caused diseases
- He figured out that milk went off because of bacteria in the air
- The same bacteria could cause disease
- He isolated anthrax bacteria and injected it into healthy mice, who became ill, proving that bacteria was the cause
- He studied cholera in chickens, injected in chickens and they fell ill but were resistant
- He created the first vaccines
What did Joseph Lister do?
- Joseph Lister was a surgeon
- Most patients often died in his time
- Infections were caused and were called about Ward Fever
- Hospitals weren’t cleaned, tools, no hands cleaned
- Used carbonic acid to clean tools
- Told staff to wash their hands
- He put carbonic acid on a wound to keep the wound sterile which helped get rid of infections and the patient with a broken leg started walking again
What did Edward Jenner do?
- He thought calpox and smallpox were similar
- He injected many people with calpox and smallpox and nobody got ill
- The World Health Organisation announced a big achievement which they eradicated smallpox
What are the main symptoms of Measles?
Fever
Red Skin Rash
How is Measles spread?
Inhalation of droplets from coughs or sneezes.
How is Measles treated?
There is no treatment, people infected must be isolated to stop the spread of the virus.
Why is Measles now rare in the UK?
Improved living conditions and a vaccination programme for young children.
What are the symtpoms to being with HIV?
Starts with a mild flu like illness
How does the HIV virus cause damage? How does it lead to AIDS?
Attacks the immune cells and after the mild illness it hides in the immune system and after years can cause severe damage like certain cancers.
How is HIV spread?
Direct sexual contact
How is HIV treated?
There is no cure, althought it can be treated through antiretroviral drugs to prevent it.
Which plants are affected by the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
Tomatoes amd Tobacco plants
Why is TMV called a ‘mosaic’ virus?
Because the growth is affected and there is a pattern of discoloration.
How is TMV spread?
It is spread between diseased plant material and healthy plants, and insects can act as vectors
How is TMV treated?
There is no treatment, but good pest control and hygiene can prevent it.
What are Salmonella and where are they found?
Salmonella are bacteria that live in the guts of many different animals. They can be found in raw meat, poultry, eggs and egg products such as mayonaisse.
What are the symtpoms of salmonella infection?
Fever abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
How can salmonella be orevented?
Vaccination against salmonella
Keep raw chicken away from food that is uncooked
Avoid washing raw chicken
Wash hands and surfaces
What is Gonorrhoea?
This is an STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease)
How is Gonorrhoea spread?
Unprotected sexual acts
What are the symtpoms of Gonorrhoea infection (short-term and long-term)?
Early stages are symptomless
Symptoms are a green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina and pain on urination.
How is Gonorrhoea treated?
Can be prevented by contraception.
It was cured by penicillin but has evolved so it is increasingly difficult to treat.
What are the symptoms of rose black spot infection?
Purple or black spots on the leaves
Leaves can turn yellow
How is rose black spot spread?
The spores of the fungus are spread in the environment, carried by the wind.
How can the spread of rose black spot be prevented?
Chemical fungicides are used to prevent it
Removing and burning affected plants
The protist that causes malaria is referred to as a ‘parasite’ - what does this mean?
They live and feed on living organisms
How are mosquitos unvolved in the spread of the malarial protist parasite?
The protists reproduce sexually in the mosquito and asexually in the human body
The female mosquito needs two meals of human blood before laying eggs
What are the symptoms of malaria?
Fever and shaking
Give four ways the spread of malaria is controlled.
Using insecticide - impregnated insect nets to prevent mosquitoes biting humans and passing on the protists
Using insecticides to kill mosquitoes opin homes and offices.
Preventing the vectors from breeding by removing standing water and spraying water with insecticides to kill the larvae.
Travellers can take antimalarial drugs that kill the parasites in the blood if they are bitten by an infected mosquito.
A microorganism that causes disease is called…
A pathogen
A communicable disease is one…
Which is caused by a pathogen
Which diseases are spread through sexual contact?
HIV
Gonorrhoea
Which disease is caused by a protist?
Malaria
In terms of disease, a mosquito is an example of a ___
Vector
Rose black spot isa ___A___ disease where ___B___ spots develop on leaves
A = Fungal
B = purple/black
What type of pathogen causes AIDS?
Virus
Salmonella is a communicable disease caused by a…
Bacteria
State three ways your skin protects you against infection.
Your skin covers your body and acts as a barrier. It prevents bacteria and viruses reaching the tissues beneath. If you damage or cut your skin, the barrier is broken but your body restores it.
Your skin produces antimicrobial secretions to destroy pathogenic bacteria.
Healthy skin is covered with microorganisms that help keep you healthy and act as an extra barrier to the entry of pathogens.
State two ways your respiratory system protects you against infection.
Your nose is full of hairs and produces a sticky liquid, called mucus. The hairs and mucus trap particles in the air that may contain pathogens or irritate your lungs.
The trachea and bronchi also secrete mucus that traps pathogens from the air. The lining of the tubes is covered in cilia - tiny hair-like projections from the cells. The cilia beat to waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it is swallowed.
State one ways your skin protects against infection.
The stomach produces acid and this destroys the microorganismsin the mucus you swallow, as well as the majority of the pathogens you take in through your mouth in your food and drink.
Phagocytes can engulf (or ‘___’) pathogens
Ingest
Lymphocytes can produce ___
Antibodies and Antitoxins
