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Biology > B5 - Disease > Flashcards

B5 - Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Health is a state of ___

A

Condition

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2
Q

Diseases that are infectious are called ___ diseases - they can be transmitted from one person to another.

A

Communicable

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3
Q

Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens. These microorganisms include:

A

Bacteria
Funghi
Virus’
Worms

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4
Q

Examples lf communicable disease include:

A 
Chicken Pox
Salmonella
COVID-19
Gonorrhoea
The Common Cold
Rickets
Measles
AIDS
The Flu
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5
Q

Diseases that cannot be ___ from one person to another are called non-communicable diseases.

A

Transmitted

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6
Q

Examples of non-communicable diseases include:

A 
Cancer
Obesity
Heart Disease
Tonsillitis
Hypertension
Liver cirrhosis
Tetanus
Diabetes
Malaria
Anaemia
Arthiritis
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7
Q

How does Bacteria cause diseases?

A

Bacteria divides rapidly by splitting in two, they may produce toxins that affect your body making you feel ill.

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8
Q

How do virus’ cause diseases?

A

Viruses take over the cells of your body. They live and reproduce in the cells, damaging and destroying them.

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9
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do?

A
  • He found out that doctors were not washing their hands before or after autopsy’s
  • He told doctors to start washing hands
  • His idea dropped the mortality rate to less than 1%
  • People never believed him and he was sent to an asylum, which where he died at the age of 47
  • Scientists go on to find out that Semmelweis was right
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10
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do?

A
  • Hypothesised that germs caused diseases
  • He figured out that milk went off because of bacteria in the air
  • The same bacteria could cause disease
  • He isolated anthrax bacteria and injected it into healthy mice, who became ill, proving that bacteria was the cause
  • He studied cholera in chickens, injected in chickens and they fell ill but were resistant
  • He created the first vaccines
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11
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A
  • Joseph Lister was a surgeon
  • Most patients often died in his time
  • Infections were caused and were called about Ward Fever
  • Hospitals weren’t cleaned, tools, no hands cleaned
  • Used carbonic acid to clean tools
  • Told staff to wash their hands
  • He put carbonic acid on a wound to keep the wound sterile which helped get rid of infections and the patient with a broken leg started walking again
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12
Q

What did Edward Jenner do?

A
  • He thought calpox and smallpox were similar
  • He injected many people with calpox and smallpox and nobody got ill
  • The World Health Organisation announced a big achievement which they eradicated smallpox
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13
Q

What are the main symptoms of Measles?

A

Fever

Red Skin Rash

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14
Q

How is Measles spread?

A

Inhalation of droplets from coughs or sneezes.

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15
Q

How is Measles treated?

A

There is no treatment, people infected must be isolated to stop the spread of the virus.

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16
Q

Why is Measles now rare in the UK?

A

Improved living conditions and a vaccination programme for young children.

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17
Q

What are the symtpoms to being with HIV?

A

Starts with a mild flu like illness

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18
Q

How does the HIV virus cause damage? How does it lead to AIDS?

A

Attacks the immune cells and after the mild illness it hides in the immune system and after years can cause severe damage like certain cancers.

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19
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Direct sexual contact

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20
Q

How is HIV treated?

A

There is no cure, althought it can be treated through antiretroviral drugs to prevent it.

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21
Q

Which plants are affected by the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

Tomatoes amd Tobacco plants

22
Q

Why is TMV called a ‘mosaic’ virus?

A

Because the growth is affected and there is a pattern of discoloration.

23
Q

How is TMV spread?

A

It is spread between diseased plant material and healthy plants, and insects can act as vectors

24
Q

How is TMV treated?

A

There is no treatment, but good pest control and hygiene can prevent it.

25
Q

What are Salmonella and where are they found?

A

Salmonella are bacteria that live in the guts of many different animals. They can be found in raw meat, poultry, eggs and egg products such as mayonaisse.

26
Q

What are the symtpoms of salmonella infection?

A

Fever abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

27
Q

How can salmonella be orevented?

A

Vaccination against salmonella

Keep raw chicken away from food that is uncooked

Avoid washing raw chicken

Wash hands and surfaces

28
Q

What is Gonorrhoea?

A

This is an STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease)

29
Q

How is Gonorrhoea spread?

A

Unprotected sexual acts

30
Q

What are the symtpoms of Gonorrhoea infection (short-term and long-term)?

A

Early stages are symptomless

Symptoms are a green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina and pain on urination.

31
Q

How is Gonorrhoea treated?

A

Can be prevented by contraception.

It was cured by penicillin but has evolved so it is increasingly difficult to treat.

32
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot infection?

A

Purple or black spots on the leaves

Leaves can turn yellow

33
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

The spores of the fungus are spread in the environment, carried by the wind.

34
Q

How can the spread of rose black spot be prevented?

A

Chemical fungicides are used to prevent it

Removing and burning affected plants

35
Q

The protist that causes malaria is referred to as a ‘parasite’ - what does this mean?

A

They live and feed on living organisms

36
Q

How are mosquitos unvolved in the spread of the malarial protist parasite?

A

The protists reproduce sexually in the mosquito and asexually in the human body

The female mosquito needs two meals of human blood before laying eggs

37
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever and shaking

38
Q

Give four ways the spread of malaria is controlled.

A

Using insecticide - impregnated insect nets to prevent mosquitoes biting humans and passing on the protists

Using insecticides to kill mosquitoes opin homes and offices.

Preventing the vectors from breeding by removing standing water and spraying water with insecticides to kill the larvae.

Travellers can take antimalarial drugs that kill the parasites in the blood if they are bitten by an infected mosquito.

39
Q

A microorganism that causes disease is called…

A

A pathogen

40
Q

A communicable disease is one…

A

Which is caused by a pathogen

41
Q

Which diseases are spread through sexual contact?

A

HIV

Gonorrhoea

42
Q

Which disease is caused by a protist?

A

Malaria

43
Q

In terms of disease, a mosquito is an example of a ___

A

Vector

44
Q

Rose black spot isa ___A___ disease where ___B___ spots develop on leaves

A

A = Fungal

B = purple/black

45
Q

What type of pathogen causes AIDS?

A

Virus

46
Q

Salmonella is a communicable disease caused by a…

A

Bacteria

47
Q

State three ways your skin protects you against infection.

A

Your skin covers your body and acts as a barrier. It prevents bacteria and viruses reaching the tissues beneath. If you damage or cut your skin, the barrier is broken but your body restores it.

Your skin produces antimicrobial secretions to destroy pathogenic bacteria.

Healthy skin is covered with microorganisms that help keep you healthy and act as an extra barrier to the entry of pathogens.

48
Q

State two ways your respiratory system protects you against infection.

A

Your nose is full of hairs and produces a sticky liquid, called mucus. The hairs and mucus trap particles in the air that may contain pathogens or irritate your lungs.

The trachea and bronchi also secrete mucus that traps pathogens from the air. The lining of the tubes is covered in cilia - tiny hair-like projections from the cells. The cilia beat to waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it is swallowed.

49
Q

State one ways your skin protects against infection.

A

The stomach produces acid and this destroys the microorganismsin the mucus you swallow, as well as the majority of the pathogens you take in through your mouth in your food and drink.

50
Q

Phagocytes can engulf (or ‘___’) pathogens

A

Ingest

51
Q

Lymphocytes can produce ___

A

Antibodies and Antitoxins

Biology (17 decks)

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