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GIR Test 1 > B5-095 GI Physiology II > Flashcards

B5-095 GI Physiology II Flashcards

1
Q

describe pancreatic morphology

A

acinar + ductal cells = acinus
multiple acini =lobule
multiple lobules -> main pancreatic duct

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2
Q

how does secretin affect the amount of HCO3-, Cl- and amylase

A

HCO3-: increase
Cl-: decrease
amylase: decrease

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3
Q

the fall in amylase concentration after secretin reflects

A

dilution

volume increases

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4
Q

stimulate acinar cell secretion of zymogen granules

5

A
  • VIP
  • secretin
  • CCK
  • ACh
  • maybe gastrin?
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5
Q

Ca++ oscillations are a hallmark of stimulation by

2

A

CCK and ACh

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6
Q

potent stimulators of Cl- secretion

2

A

CCK and ACh

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7
Q

the movement of […] into the lumen makes transepithelial voltage more negative, driving […} into the lumen via tight junctions

A

Cl-
Na+

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8
Q

most powerful stimulus for HCO3- secretion

A

secretin

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9
Q

activates cAMP, stimulates PKA, and phosphorylates CFTR

A

secretin

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10
Q

activates Gq -> stimulates PLC to release DAG and IP3, releasing Ca++ from stores

A

ACh

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11
Q

the lumen negative voltage pulls Na+ and water into the lumen via

A

tight junctions

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12
Q

zymogens secreted by pancreas

5

A
  • trypsinogen
  • chymotrypsinogen
  • proelastase
  • Procarboxypeptidase A
  • Procarboxypeptidase B
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13
Q

activates trypsinogen to trypsin

A

enterokinase

and trypisin can too

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14
Q

activates a majority of the zymogens in a sequential fashion

A

trypsin

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15
Q

stimulant of cephalic pancreatic secretion

A

sight
smell taste
mastication

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16
Q

regulatory pathway of the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion

A

vagal pathways

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17
Q

the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion is responsible for […]% of secretions

A

25

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18
Q

stimulant for the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion

A

distension
gastrin?

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19
Q

regulatory pathway for the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion

A

vagal-cholinergic

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20
Q

the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion is responsible for […]% of secretion

A

10-20

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21
Q

stimulant of the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion

A

amino acids
fatty acids
H+

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22
Q

regulatory pathway of the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion

A

CCK
secretin
enteropancreatic reflexes

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23
Q

the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion is responsible for […]% of secretions

A

50-80

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24
Q

protein and lipid products simulate I cells to secrete

A

CCK

stimulates vagus nerve to release ACh

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25
Q

H+ stimulates S cells in duodenum to secrete

A

secretin

stimulates HCO3- secretion

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26
Q

how does this mechanism protect the pancreas from autodigestion?

packaging of many digestive proteins as zymogens

A

percursor proteins lack enzymatic activity

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27
Q

how does this mechanism protect the pancreas from autodigestion?

selective sorting of secretory proteins and storage in zymogen granules

A

restricts the interaction of secretory proteins with other cellular compartments

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28
Q

how does this mechanism protect the pancreas from autodigestion?

protease inhibitors in the zymogen granule

A

block the action of prematurely activated enzymes

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29
Q

how does this mechanism protect the pancreas from autodigestion?

condensation of secretory proteins at low pH

A

limits the activity of active enzymes

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30
Q

how does this mechanism protect the pancreas from autodigestion?

non digestive proteases

A

degrade active enzymes

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31
Q

morphology of salivary glands

A

acinar cells line acinus
intercalated cells line acinar duct
striated cells line striated duct

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32
Q

parasympathetic autonomic control of salivation is regulated by

A

ACh

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33
Q

sympathetic autonomic control of salivation is regulated by

A

norepinephrine

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34
Q

what two components of saliva contribute to lubrication and antimicrobial properties?

A

proline-rich proteins
mucin glycoproteins

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35
Q

enzymes present in saliva

4

A
  • a amylase
  • lipase
  • ribonuclease
  • kallikrein
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36
Q

how does the electrolyte composition of saliva change with stimulation?
Na:
K:
Cl:
Total CO2:

A

Na: increases
K: decreases
Cl: increases
bicarb: increases

basically creates a more basic environment

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37
Q

does the large inestine have villi?

A

no

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38
Q

does the large intestine provide nutrient absorption?

A

no

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39
Q

does the small or large intestine have active K+ secretion?

A

large

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40
Q

does the small or large intestine have active Na+ absorption?

A

both small and large

41
Q
  • long lived
  • antimicrobial
  • secrete defensins, lysozyme, TNFa
A

paneth cells

42
Q

anti-helminth cells

A

tuft cells

use chemoreceptors

43
Q

maintain mucosal barrier of intestinal epithelium

A

goblet cell

44
Q

deliver luminal antigens to APCs

A

goblet cells

45
Q

secrete cytokine and chemokines to stimulate TH2 response, promotes tissue restoration

A

goblet cells

46
Q

overall, how much fluid is excreted in feces?

A

100 mL

47
Q

describe the fluid balance in GI tract

A

in: 8.5 L/day

oral: 2 L
secreted: 6.5 L
reabsorbed: 8.4 L

only about 100mL lost through feces/day

48
Q

what bacterial endotoxins utilize the cAMP second messenger pathway?

2

A

cholera
E. coli

49
Q

what bacterial endotoxins utilize the cGMP second messenger pathway?

2

A

E. coli
Yersinia

50
Q

what bacterial endotoxins utilize the Ca++ second messenger pathway?

A

C. diff

51
Q

what hormones/neurotransmitters utilize the cAMP second messenger pathway?

A

VIP

52
Q

what hormones/neurotransmitters utilize the cGMP second messenger pathway?

1

A

guanylin

53
Q

what hormones/neurotransmitters utilize the Ca++ second messenger pathway?

3

A

ACh
bradykinin
serotonin

54
Q

what immune cell products utilize the cAMP second messenger pathway?

2

A

histamine
prostaglandins

55
Q

what laxatives utilize the Ca++ second messenger pathway?

1

A

bile acids

56
Q

primary mechanism for postprandial Na+ absorption

A

nutrient couple Na+ absorption in jejunum and ileum

57
Q

electroneutral Na-H exchange at the apical membrane is stimulated by

A

high pH of HCO3- rich luminal contents

58
Q

primary mechanism for interdigestive Na absorption

A

Na-H and Cl-HCO3 exchange coupled by intracellular pH

results in electroneutral NaCl absorption

59
Q

in electrogenic Na absorption, the apical step of Na movement occurs via

A

ENaC channels

60
Q

Na/Glucose or Na/Amino acid cotransporters occurs where in GI tract?

A

high Na absorption at jejunum
low Na absorption at ileum

primary mechanism of post prandial Na absorption

61
Q

Na-H exchanger occurs where in GI tract?

A

moderate Na absorption at duodenum
high Na absorption at jejunum

62
Q

parallel Na-H and Cl-HCO3 exchangers occur where in GI tract?

A

moderate absorption at ileum and proximal colon

primary mechanism for interdigestive Na absorption

63
Q

epithelial Na channels occur where in GI tract?

A

high Na absorption in distal colon

ENaC channels

64
Q

passive Cl- absorption occurs where in GI tract

A

high Cl- absorption in jejunum
low Cl- absorption in ileum
high Cl- absorption in distal colon

65
Q

Cl-HCO3 exchanger occurs where in GI tract?

A

moderate Cl- absorption in ileum
high Cl-absorption in proximal colon
moderate Cl- absorption in distal colon

66
Q

parallel Na-H and Cl-HCO3 exchangers occur where in digestive system?

A

moderate Cl- absorption in ileum and proximal colon

through interdigestive period

67
Q

passive K+ absorption occurs where in GI tract?

A

low K+ transport in jejunum and ileum

via solvent drag

68
Q

in the small intestine, K+ absorption occurs via

A

solvent drag

69
Q

active K+ secretion occurs in what parts of the GI tract?

A

low K+ transport in proximal colon
high K+ transport in distal colon

70
Q

throughout the colon, passive K+ secretion occurs via

A

tight junctions

driven by negative transepithelial voltage

71
Q

active K+ secretion occurs where in the GI tract?

A

moderate K+ transport in proximal colon
very low K+ transport in distal colon

72
Q

throughout the colon, active K+ secretion is

A

transcellular

73
Q

active K+ absorption occurs where in the GI tract?

A

low K+ transport in distal colon

74
Q

in the distal colon, active K+ absorption is

A

transcellular

75
Q

products macrophages produce that affect intestinal ion transport

2

A

prostaglandins
O2 radicals

76
Q

products mast cells produce that affect intestinal ion transport

1

A

histamine

77
Q

products neutrophils produce that affect intestinal ion transport

2

A

eicosanoids
platelet-activating factor

78
Q

products fibroblasts produce that affect intestinal ion transport

2

A

eicosanoids

bradykinin

79
Q

mast cell activation causes histamine release to stimulate the release of […] into the lumen

A

Cl-

80
Q

activation of the immune response in the GI tract produces numerous and redundant pathways to increase […] secretion

A

Cl-

81
Q

anytime Cl- is moved into the lumen, we’re moving […] and […] into the lumen

A

water and sodium

82
Q

mast cells release histamine, which can activate the […] to produce cramping with diarrhea

A

enteric neurons

83
Q

directly activates epithelial secretion of Cl- by the ENS

A

ACh

84
Q

indirectly increases Cl- secretion following release from Mast Cells via PGE2 release

A

IL-2

85
Q

what toxin increases Ca++/CAMK activity?

A

C. diff

86
Q

secrete CCK in response of dietary fat and protein

A

I cells

87
Q

secretes somatostatin to inhibit gastic acid release

A

D cells

88
Q

have specific chemoreceptors to
“taste” helmiths

A

tuft cells

89
Q

what cells are important in the feedback to stop eating?

A

I cells and L cells

90
Q

located in the duodenum and jejunum, allowing for quicker feedback to stop feeding

A

I cells

91
Q

slow gastric empyting which may be perceived as a feeling of fullness

macromolecules

A

protein and lipids

92
Q

activates Cl- secretion in acinar cells, resulting in increased NaCl and water transport to lumen

A

gastrin

93
Q

activates chloride secretion in salivary glands

A

ACh

94
Q

activate Cl- secretion in pancreas

2

A

CCK and secretin

95
Q

released out of basolateral surface of I cells following stimulation of fat entry into duodenum

A

CCK

96
Q

sends signals via the vagus to the CNS and then to the pancreas to increase acinar secretions

A

CCK

97
Q

causes slowing of gastric emptying

A

CCK

98
Q

causes contraction of the gallbladder

A

CCK

99
Q

produced by I cells

A

CCK

GIR Test 1 (16 decks)

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