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GIR Test 1 > B5-069 GI Embryology > Flashcards

B5-069 GI Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

buccopharyngeal membrane is the site of future

A

mouth

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2
Q

cloacal membrane is the site of the future

A

anus

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3
Q

ventral mesentary forms the

A

hepatogastric portion of lesser omentum

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4
Q

dorsal mesogastrium forms the

2

A

greater omentum and gastrocolic liagment

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5
Q

only the […] has both dorsal and ventral mesentary

A

foregut

mid and hind only have dorsal

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6
Q

portion of stomach that grows much larger forming the greater curvature

A

original posterior portion

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7
Q

lienal =

A

splenic

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8
Q

dorsal mesentary forms the

A

greater omentum

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9
Q

ventral mesentary forms the

A

lesser omentum

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10
Q

the endodermal lining of the yolk sac becomes the

A

primitive gut

surronded by splanchnic mesoderm

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11
Q

2nd most common GI abnormality

A

infantile pyloric stenosis

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12
Q

male
3-10 weeks old
projectile, non-bilious vomiting

A

infantile pyloric stenosis

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13
Q

“olive” caudal to costal margin near midline

A

infantile pyloric stenosis

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14
Q

infants with pyloric stenosis may suffer from […] and […] due to loss of gastric acid

A

dehydration
hypochloremia

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15
Q

hypertrophy of pyloric spinchter muscles

A

plyloric stenosis

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16
Q

treatment for pyloric stenosis

A
  • IV hydration
  • oral atropine (relax spinchter)
  • surgical intervention
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17
Q

suspends gut tube from posterior body wall

A

dorsal mesentary

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18
Q

forms the lower portion of septum transversum

A

ventral mesentary

foregut

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19
Q

the pancreas, 3rd and 4th portions of the duodenum become […] as gut is rotating

A

retroperitoneal

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20
Q
  • evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that are used in regional patterning
  • used in both mesoderm and endoderm
A

Hox genes

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21
Q

hole in back of diaphragm

A

Bochadlek

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22
Q

most congenital diaphragmatic hernias occur on which side?

A

left

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23
Q

hole in front of diaphragm near the xiphiod process

A

morgagni hole

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24
Q
  • difficulty breathing
  • fast breathing
  • fast heart rate
  • cyanosis
  • abnormal chest development
  • abdomen appears caved in
A

CHD

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25
Q

CHD is typically diagnosed when in pregnancy?

A

22-24 weeks
or in 1st trimester screening US

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26
Q

liver and gallbladder buds grow into the lower portion of the

A

septum transversum

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27
Q

Bockdalek hernia are […] and to […]

A

back and to the left

90% of CDH

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28
Q

breath sounds on right, bowel sounds on left side of chest

A

CDH

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29
Q

forms the falciform ligament and lesser omentum

A

ventral mesentary

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30
Q

liver growth causes the lower portion of the septum transversum to

A

thin

leaves falciform

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31
Q

part of the liver fuses with the developing diaphragm leaving

2

A

bare area of liver
coronary ligament

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32
Q

intially, dorsal and ventral […] form on opposite sides of the end of the foregut tube

A

pancreatic buds

ventral migrates around in 5th week

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33
Q

thought to arise when single ventral pancreatic bud fails to migrate and fuses to duodenum
or
when two ventral pancreatic buds form and migrate in opposite directions, constricting duodenum

A

annular pancreas

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34
Q
  • polyhydramnios in utero
  • difficulty feeding after birth
  • non bilious vomiting
  • starting day 1 for newborns
A

annular pancreas

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35
Q
  • associated with maternal polyhydramnios,
  • down syndrome,
  • esophageal and duodenal atresia,
  • imperforate anus,
  • Meckel’s diverticulum
A

complete annular pancreas

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36
Q

about 1/3 of newborns with annular pancreas have

A

trisomy of a chromosome
21, 18 or 13

37
Q

in adults, this condition is associated with:
* epigastic pain
* pancreatitis
* upper GI bleeding from peptic ulceration
* other GI issues

A

annular pancreas

38
Q

treatment for annular pancreas

A

typically requires surgery

duodenal bypass

39
Q
  • early (<24 hours) vomiting that may contain bile
  • abdomen not dilated
  • maternal polyhydramnios in 50% of cases
A

duodenal atresia

40
Q

double-bubble sign

A

duodenal atresia

gas in stomach and 1st part of duodenum

41
Q

VACTERL association

A

duodenal atresia
anal atresia

42
Q

duodenal atresia is associated with other congenital abnormalities […]% of the time

A

50%

43
Q

VACTERL stands for

A

Vertebral defect
Anal (and duodenal) atresia
Cardiac defects
Tracheo-esophageal fistula
Renal anomalies
Limb abnormalities

44
Q

annular pancreas and duodenal atresia are hard to distinguish without

A

imaging

45
Q

why can focal obstruction of the GI tract occur in almost any small lumen?

A

luminal occlusion by endoderm -> recanalization

recanalization failure = obstruction

46
Q

recanalization errors can cause

5

A
  1. cysts
  2. duplications
  3. septa formation
  4. diverticuli
  5. failure to reopen lumen
47
Q

forms primary intestinal loop with the superior mesenteric artery on its axis

A

midgut

48
Q

from the 6th week to 10th week, the instestines are physiologically

A

hernia

occuring at same time as recanalization

49
Q

recanalization occurs during what weeks of development

A

6-9

50
Q

failure of the gut to return to the peritoneal cavity

A

omphalocele

51
Q

in an omphalocele, the intestinal loops is covered with […] which is attached to an enlarged umbilical cord

A

amnion

52
Q

navel covered with thin layer of amnion

A

omphalocele

53
Q
  • involve herniated small intestine only
  • repaired shortly after birth
  • may be able to be delivered vaginally
A

small omphalacele

54
Q
  • may involve herniated liver and even spleen
  • may require multiple surgeries
  • typically delivered via C section
A

omphalocele

55
Q
  • detected by prenatal US
  • elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels

2

A

omphalocele
gastroschisis

56
Q

about half of babies with omphaloceles have trisomy of

A

chromosomes 18 or 21

57
Q

25-45% of babies with omphalocele have other birth defects like

4

A
  • heart defects
  • neural tube defects
  • CDH
  • chromosomal abnormalities
58
Q
  • maternal age younger than 20 or older than 35
  • alcohol/tobacco use while pregnant
  • SSRIs
  • obesity

risk factors for

A

omphalocele

59
Q

failure of body wall closure followed by gut herniation

A

gastroschisis

60
Q
  • typically occurs to the right of umbilicus
  • intestines not covered with membrane
A

gastroschisis

61
Q

defect in anterior abdominal wall through rectus abdominis, just to right of umbilicus

A

gastroschisis

62
Q

gastroshisis is more frequent in […] mothers

A

young, teenage

63
Q

gastroschisis is inherited in an […] manner

A

autosomal recessive

not associated with other congenital defects

64
Q

greatest risk for ischemia of gastroschisis

A

volvulus

65
Q

congenital anomaly of gut due to remnant of vitelline duct

A

meckel’s diverticulum

66
Q

meckel’s diverticulum is a remnant where the vitilline duct was attached to the […]

A

ileum

67
Q

rule of 2s for Meckel’s

A
  • 2% of population
  • 2’’ long
  • located 2 ft from ileocecal junction
  • presents before age 2
  • may contain 2 ectopic tissue (stomach/pancreas)
68
Q
  • abdominal pain
  • blood in stool
  • presents before age 2
  • twice as frequent in males
A

Meckel’s diverticulum

69
Q

pain mimics appendicitis but that doesn’t happen in two year olds

A

meckel’s

70
Q

how is Meckel’s diagnosed?

A
  • radioactive technetium-99 injection and pertechetate scan
  • colonoscopy
71
Q

caused by failure of neural crest cell to migrate around developing intestines

A

hirschsprung disease

72
Q

failure of RET gene

A

hirschsprung disease

73
Q

results in non-motile portion of bowel due to lack of ENS

A

hirschsprung disease

74
Q

suspected if meconium is not passed within 48 hours of birth

A

hirschsprung disease

75
Q
  • abdominal distension
  • constipation
  • diagnosed prior to first birthday
A

hirschsprung disease

76
Q

hirschsprung disease is associated with trisomy

A

21

77
Q

often discovered when unable to obtain rectal temp

A

imperforate anus

78
Q

why does imaging follow the discovery of anal atresia?

A
  1. to plan surgical correction
  2. to look for other congenital defects
79
Q

typically […] VACTERL defects are present in affected individuals

A

3

80
Q

imperforate anus is associated with trisomy

A

18/21

81
Q

the part that prolapses into the other is called the […] and the part that receives it is called the […]

A
  1. intussusceptum
  2. intussuscipiens
82
Q
  • below age of 5
  • sudden pain that comes and goes
  • vomiting
  • stool mixed with blood
  • cramping abdominal pain
  • may palpate “sausage mass”
A

intussusception

83
Q

bull’s eye or target appearance on US

A

intussusception

84
Q

treatment intussusception

A

barium or air enema
laparotomy
surgery

85
Q

most common location of intussusception

A

ileocecal junction

86
Q

adults who have their spleen removed are at a 10-20x higher risk of death due to

A

sepsis

87
Q

most babies born without a spleen […] within the first few months of life

A

die

due to infection

88
Q

asplenia or polysplenia are often associated with

A

other congenital defects

89
Q

a single accessory spleen or lobulated spleen is usually

A

asymptomatic

GIR Test 1 (16 decks)

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